Accusative case
Accusative case is the case primarily used to mark a direct object in a sentence.
Usages
1. Direct object
The main usage of the accusative case. Direct object is the thing or a person to which the action is directed to.
Examples
2. Intransitive stative subject
In stative statements (statements which use the objective forms of the verb) with intransitive verbs, the intransitive subject becomes takes the accusative form.
It only applies to intransitive verbs. Stative statements with transitive verbs have their subject in nominative case, even if there is no object present in the sentence.
Examples
3. Extent of time and space
Most often used with time to mark how long something takes, though it can also be used in spatial or more abstract contexts.
Examples
4. Respect (accusative variation)
In some cases accusative nouns may modify participles to display what part exactly was affected.
Examples
Formation
Neuter accusatives, regardless of noun class, are always identical to neuter nominative forms.
Strong nouns
| Singular | Dual in. | Dual an. | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nt. a-stem | - | -饜尮 | -饜尮饜尳饜尠 | -饜尮饜尵饜尠 | -饜尠 |
| m. a-stem | - | -饜尠 | -饜尮饜尳饜崈 | -饜尠饜尳饜崈 | |
| f. 艒-stem | -饜尶 | -饜尠虅饜尮 | -饜尮饜尳饜崈 | -饜尶饜尳饜崈 | |
| nt. ja-stem | -饜尮 | -饜尨饜尮 | -饜尵饜尮饜尳饜尠 | -饜尵饜尮饜尵饜尠 | -饜尵饜尠 |
| m. ja-stem | -饜尮 | -饜尵饜尠 | -饜尵饜尮饜尳饜崈 | -饜尵饜尠饜尳饜崈 | |
| f. j艒-stem | -饜尵饜尶 | -饜尵饜尠虅饜尮 | -饜尵饜尮饜尳饜崈 | -饜尵饜尶饜尳饜崈 | |
| nt. wa-stem | -饜尶 | -饜崊饜尮 | -饜崊饜尮饜尳饜尠 | -饜崊饜尮饜尵饜尠 | -饜崊饜尠 |
| m. wa-stem | -饜尶 | -饜崊饜尠 | -饜崊饜尮饜尳饜崈 | -饜崊饜尠饜尳饜崈 | |
| f. w艒-stem | -饜崊饜尶 | -饜崊饜尠虅饜尮 | -饜崊饜尮饜尳饜崈 | -饜崊饜尶饜尳饜崈 | |
| nt. i-stem | - | -饜尠 | -饜尮饜尳饜尠 | -饜尶饜尵饜尠 | -饜尮 |
| m. i-stem | - | -饜尠 | -饜尠饜尮 | -饜尶饜尳饜崈 | -饜尮饜尳饜崈 |
| f. i-stem | - | -饜尠饜尮 | -饜尶饜尳饜崈 | -饜尮饜尳饜崈 | |
| nt. ji-stem | -饜尮 | -饜尵饜尠 | -饜尵饜尮饜尳饜尠 | -饜尵饜尶饜尵饜尠 | -饜尨饜尮 |
| nt. u-stem | -饜尶 | -饜尶虅 | -饜尠饜尵饜尠 | -饜尵饜尶 | |
| m. u-stem | -饜尶 | -饜尶虅 | -饜尠饜尳饜崈 | -饜尵饜尶饜尳饜崈 | |
| f. u-stem | -饜尶 | -饜尶虅 | -饜尠饜尳饜崈 | -饜尵饜尶饜尳饜崈 | |
Strong nouns ending with an 饜崈 in nominative have the letter dropped in accusative.
Standard accusative duals in masculines and feminines are "-饜尮饜尳饜崈" regardless of the class.
Plural accusatives in masculines and feminines always end in "饜尳饜崈".
Weak nouns
| Singular | Dual in. | Dual an. | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nt. an-stem | -饜崏 | -饜尮饜尳饜尠 | -饜崏饜尳饜尮 | -饜崏饜尳饜尠 | |
| m. an-stem | -饜尠饜尳 | -饜尮饜尳饜尠 | -饜尠 | -饜尠饜尳饜尮饜尳饜崈 | -饜尠饜尳饜尶饜尳饜崈 |
| f. 艒n-stem | -饜崏饜尳 | -饜崏饜尳饜尠 | -饜崏饜尳饜尮饜尳饜崈 | -饜崏饜尳饜尶饜尳饜崈 | |
| nt. in-stem | -饜尨 | -饜尶饜尳饜尠 | -饜尨饜尳饜尮 | -饜尨饜尳饜尠 | |
| m. in-stem | -饜尮饜尳 | -饜尶饜尳饜尠 | -饜尠 | -饜尮饜尳饜尮饜尳饜崈 | -饜尮饜尳饜尶饜尳饜崈 |
| f. 墨n-stem | -饜尨饜尮饜尳 | -饜尨饜尮饜尳饜尠 | -饜尨饜尮饜尳饜尮饜尳饜崈 | -饜尨饜尮饜尳饜尶饜尳饜崈 | |
| nt. un-stem | -饜尠虅 | -饜尠饜尳饜尠 | -饜尠虅饜尳饜尮 | -饜尠虅饜尳饜尠 | |
| m. un-stem | -饜尶饜尳 | -饜尠饜尳饜尠 | -饜尠 | -饜尶饜尳饜尮饜尳饜崈 | -饜尶饜尳饜尶饜尳饜崈 |
| f. 奴n-stem | -饜尶虅饜尳 | -饜尶虅饜尳饜尠 | -饜尶虅饜尳饜尮饜尳饜崈 | -饜尶虅饜尳饜尶饜尳饜崈 | |
Nominative singular of masculine and feminine weak nouns has the unablauted thematic vowel followed by 饜尳.
Standard accusative duals are identical to standard nominative and vocative duals.
Plurals are not ablauted and have an ending -饜尶饜尳饜崈- attached after the -饜尳-.
Consonant stems
| Singular | Dual in. | Dual an. | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nt. ct-stem | -ax | -ax饜尮 | -by饜尮饜尵饜尠 | -cy饜尠 | |
| m. ct-stem | -ax | -ax饜尶虅 | -ax饜尠 | -by饜尠饜尳饜崈 | -cy饜尶饜尳饜崈 |
| f. ct-stem | -ax | -ax饜尶虅 | -by饜尠饜尳饜崈 | -cy饜尶饜尳饜崈 | |
| nt. d-ct-stem | -ax | -ax饜尠 | -ax饜尶虅 | -by饜尶虅饜崈 | -cy饜尮 |
This table uses the generalized consonant stem notation.
Singular common and derived neuter consonant stems have the shortened unablauted vowel with a null-ending.
Standard common duals are unablauted and have an ending "-饜尶虅".
Common paucals are ablauted and have an ending "-饜尠饜尳饜崈".
Common plurals are ablauted and have an ending "-饜尶饜尳饜崈".
Static consonant stems
| Singular | Dual in. | Dual an. | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nt. sc-stem | - | -饜尶饜尭饜尮 | -饜尶饜尭饜尮饜尵饜尠 | -饜尶饜尭 | |
| m. sc-stem | - | -饜崈 | -饜尠 | -饜尠饜尳饜崈 | -饜尶饜尳饜崈 |
| f. sc-stem | - | -饜崈 | -饜尠饜尳饜崈 | -饜尶饜尳饜崈 | |
| m. nd-stem | - | -饜崈 | -饜尠 | -饜尮饜尳饜崈 | -饜尠饜尳饜崈 |
Masculine-feminine consonant stems and nd-stems all have a null ending in singular and "-饜尮饜尳饜崈" in standard duals.
Masculine-feminine consonant stems have a plural ending "-饜尶饜尳饜崈" while masculine nd-stems have ending "-饜尠饜尳饜崈" instead.