Causal case
The primary usage of the causal case is to mark the sentence cause, or in other words because of what or because of whom the thing stated by the sentence occurs, but it is also used attributively like the genitive case.
Causal case is a regular case and has a non-singular cluster "𐍆" (devoiced).
Usages
1. Cause
The main usage of the causal case. Marks "because of what" the event/state described in the sentence occurs.
Causal is not used to describe the goals: for those instrumental + 𐌳𐌿 construction is used.
Causal of cause is never used attributively, and therefore uses adverbial ordering rules (chiefly precedes the noun and when it follows the modified noun, requires a definite or indefinite marker).
Examples
2. Subject causal
When modifying gerunds and deverbal nouns of actions, causative marks the subject of the action similarly to how genitive marks the object.
Subject causal is strictly attributive, therefore unlike the causal of cause it does not follow the adverbial placement rules. Understanding that will help you to easily distinguish the one from another when used with action deverbals and gerunds.
Examples
3. Causal of autorship
Another attributive usage of causal case. Marks the author or creator of the object.
Examples
4. Causal of material.
Attributive. Marks the material that the modified noun is made of.
Examples
5. Causal of origin
Attributive. Marks the place of origin of the noun.
Should not be confused with attributive ablative: attributive ablative simply marks the previous location of the noun without saying anything about noun's origin, while atributive causal of origin explicitly states the place where the object came to be without saying anything about noun's previous location.
Examples
Formation
Strong nouns
| Singular | Dual in. | Dual an. | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nt. a-stem | -𐌰𐍄 | -𐌰𐌱𐌰 | -𐌹𐌱𐌰 | -𐌰𐌱𐌹 | -𐌰𐍆 |
| m. a-stem | -𐌰𐍄 | -𐌰𐌱𐌰 | -𐌹𐌱𐌰 | -𐌰𐌱𐌹 | -𐌰𐍆 |
| f. ō-stem | -𐌰𐍄 | -𐍉𐌱𐌰 | -𐍉𐌱𐌹 | -𐍉𐍆 | |
| nt. ja-stem | -𐌾𐌰𐍄 | -𐌾𐌰𐌱𐌰 | -𐌾𐌹𐌱𐌰 | -𐌾𐌰𐌱𐌹 | -𐌾𐌰𐍆 |
| m. ja-stem | -𐌾𐌰𐍄 | -𐌾𐌰𐌱𐌰 | -𐌾𐌹𐌱𐌰 | -𐌾𐌰𐌱𐌹 | -𐌾𐌰𐍆 |
| f. jō-stem | -𐌾𐌰𐍄 | -𐌾𐍉𐌱𐌰 | -𐌾𐍉𐌱𐌹 | -𐌾𐍉𐍆 | |
| nt. wa-stem | -𐍅𐌰𐍄 | -𐍅𐌰𐌱𐌰 | -𐍅𐌹𐌱𐌰 | -𐍅𐌰𐌱𐌹 | -𐍅𐌰𐍆 |
| m. wa-stem | -𐍅𐌰𐍄 | -𐍅𐌰𐌱𐌰 | -𐍅𐌹𐌱𐌰 | -𐍅𐌰𐌱𐌹 | -𐍅𐌰𐍆 |
| f. wō-stem | -𐍅𐌰𐍄 | -𐍅𐍉𐌱𐌰 | -𐍅𐍉𐌱𐌹 | -𐍅𐍉𐍆 | |
| nt. i-stem | -𐌹𐍄 | -𐌹𐌱𐌰 | -𐌹𐌱𐌹 | -𐌹𐍆 | |
| m. i-stem | -𐌹𐍄 | -𐌹𐌱𐌰 | -𐌹𐌱𐌹 | -𐌹𐍆 | |
| f. i-stem | -𐌰𐌹𐍄 | -𐌹𐌱𐌰 | -𐌹𐌱𐌹 | -𐌹𐍆 | |
| nt. ji-stem | -𐌾𐌹𐍄 | -𐌾𐌹𐌱𐌰 | -𐌾𐌹𐌱𐌹 | -𐌾𐌹𐍆 | |
| nt. u-stem | -𐌰̄𐌿𐍄 | -𐌿𐌱𐌰 | -𐌿𐌱𐌹 | -𐌿𐍆 | |
| m. u-stem | -𐌰̄𐌿𐍄 | -𐌿𐌱𐌰 | -𐌿𐌱𐌹 | -𐌿𐍆 | |
| f. u-stem | -𐌰̄𐌿𐍄 | -𐌿𐌱𐌰 | -𐌿𐌱𐌹 | -𐌿𐍆 | |
Strong noun genitives always end in -𐍄 in singulars. As a regular case, its standard duals are formed through adding the cluster (for causative it is devoiced "𐍆") to the thematic vowel and adding the dual marker "𐌰" or the paucal marker "𐌹" after it, and the plurals are formed identically, but without any marker.
Weak nouns
| Singular | Dual in. | Dual an. | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nt. an-stem | -𐌹𐌽𐍄 | -𐌹𐌱𐌰 | -𐌰𐌱𐌹 | -𐌰𐍆 | |
| m. an-stem | -𐌹𐌽𐍄 | -𐌹𐌱𐌰 | -𐌰𐌱𐌹 | -𐌰𐍆 | |
| f. ōn-stem | -𐍉𐌽𐍃 | -𐍉𐌱𐌰 | -𐍉𐌱𐌹 | -𐍉𐍆 | |
| nt. in-stem | -𐌿𐌽𐍄 | -𐌿𐌱𐌰 | -𐌹𐌱𐌹 | -𐌹𐍆 | |
| m. in-stem | -𐌿𐌽𐍄 | -𐌿𐌱𐌰 | -𐌹𐌱𐌰 | -𐌹𐌱𐌹 | -𐌹𐍆 |
| f. īn-stem | -𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍄 | -𐌴𐌹𐌱𐌰 | -𐌴𐌹𐌱𐌹 | -𐌴𐌹𐍆 | |
| nt. un-stem | -𐌰𐌽𐍄 | -𐌰𐌱𐌰 | -𐌿𐌱𐌹 | -𐌿𐍆 | |
| m. un-stem | -𐌰𐌽𐍄 | -𐌰𐌱𐌰 | -𐌹𐌱𐌰 | -𐌿𐌱𐌹 | -𐌿𐍆 |
| f. ūn-stem | -𐌿̄𐌽𐍄 | -𐌿̄𐌱𐌰 | -𐌿̄𐌱𐌹 | -𐌿̄𐍆 | |
Singular weak nouns are ablauted and take -𐍄 ending after the 𐌽 in all genders and declensions.
In causative (as well in other regular cases) of weak nouns, in plurals, paucas and standard duals the "𐌽" is dropped, but the initial ablaut is preserved.
Consonant stems
| Singular | Dual in. | Dual an. | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nt. ct-stem | -by(𐌹)𐍄 | -ax𐌿𐌱𐌰 | -by𐌿𐌱𐌹 | -cy𐌿𐍆 | |
| m. ct-stem | -by(𐌹)𐍄 | -ax𐌿𐌱𐌰 | -ax𐌹𐌱𐌰 | -by𐌿𐌱𐌹 | -cy𐌿𐍆 |
| f. ct-stem | -by(𐌹)𐍄 | -ax𐌿𐌱𐌰 | -by𐌿𐌱𐌹 | -cy𐌿𐍆 | |
| nt. d-ct-stem | -by𐌰𐌹𐍄 | -ax𐌹𐌱𐌰 | -ax𐌿𐌱𐌰 | -by𐌹𐌱𐌹 | -cy𐌹𐍆 |
This table uses the generalized consonant stem notation.
Causal case as a core oblique is ablauted and uses a singular oblique grade vowel before the consonant. All consonant stems have an ending -𐍄. Depending on if the consonant stem class is void or not, a linking -𐌹- can be inserted before the ending, similarly to how it happens in genitive case.
Duals and plurals use -𐌿- instead of a thematic vowel before the non-singular regular case cluster.
Static consonant stems
| Singular | Dual in. | Dual an. | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nt. sc-stem | -𐌿𐌸𐌹𐍄 | -𐌿𐌸𐌿𐌱𐌰 | -𐌿𐌸𐌿𐌱𐌹 | -𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍆 | |
| m. sc-stem | -𐍄 | -𐌿𐌱𐌰 | -𐌹𐌱𐌰 | -𐌿𐌱𐌹 | -𐌿𐍆 |
| f. sc-stem | -𐍄 | -𐌿𐌱𐌰 | -𐌿𐌱𐌹 | -𐌿𐍆 | |
| m. nd-stem | -𐌰𐍄 | -𐌰𐌱𐌰 | -𐌹𐌱𐌰 | -𐌰𐌱𐌹 | -𐌰𐍆 |
All static consonant stems end in -𐍄 in singular. Masculine nd-stem has an infix -𐌰- before the consonant.
Static consonant stems proper, like the normal consonant stems, use -𐌿- instead of a thematic vowel in duals and plurals. Meanwhile, nd-stem nouns use the vowel -𐌰-.
Neuter consonant stems have an -𐌿𐌸- infix in all forms.