Dative case
Primarily marks sentence indirect objects.
Dative case is a regular core oblique and has a non-singular cluster "饜尲".
Together with nominative, vocative, accusative and genitive, dative is one of the cases that were present in Gothic.
For Gothic speakers: Adpositional dative/accusative pairings of direction-location are mostly obsolete in their original sense. Their role is replaced by postpositional locative triads.
Meanwhile a lot of Gothic instrumental dative usages were transferred back to instrumental.
Usages
1. Indirect object dative
The standard usage of Dative. Answers to the questions "to what" and "to whom".
For Gothic speakers: Person/entity variability migrated into pegative constructions, while semantically determined / arbitrary case variability is mostly lost and overtaken by accusative in Wistrish.
Examples
2. Dative of reference
Can be considered an extension of indirect object dative. Answers the question "for whom?".
Examples
3. Dative of respect
Used to display the point of view.
Examples
4. Dative of inalienable posession
Used attributively to mark an inalienable posession, which are most of the time parts constituting the modified noun.
For Gothic speakers: This usage of dative seems to occur more frequently in Wistrish than it did in Gothic.
Examples
Formation
Strong nouns
| Singular | Dual in. | Dual an. | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nt. a-stem | -饜尠饜尮 | -饜尠饜尲饜尠 | -饜尮饜尲饜尠 | -饜尠饜尲饜尮 | -饜尠饜尲 |
| m. a-stem | -饜尠饜尮 | -饜尠饜尲饜尠 | -饜尮饜尲饜尠 | -饜尠饜尲饜尮 | -饜尠饜尲 |
| f. 艒-stem | -饜尠饜尵 | -饜崏饜尲饜尠 | -饜崏饜尲饜尮 | -饜崏饜尲 | |
| nt. ja-stem | -饜尵饜尠饜尮 | -饜尵饜尠饜尲饜尠 | -饜尵饜尮饜尲饜尠 | -饜尵饜尠饜尲饜尮 | -饜尵饜尠饜尲 |
| m. ja-stem | -饜尵饜尠饜尮 | -饜尵饜尠饜尲饜尠 | -饜尵饜尮饜尲饜尠 | -饜尵饜尠饜尲饜尮 | -饜尵饜尠饜尲 |
| f. j艒-stem | -饜尵饜尠饜尵 | -饜尵饜崏饜尲饜尠 | -饜尵饜崏饜尲饜尮 | -饜尵饜崏饜尲 | |
| nt. wa-stem | -饜崊饜尠饜尮 | -饜崊饜尠饜尲饜尠 | -饜崊饜尮饜尲饜尠 | -饜崊饜尠饜尲饜尮 | -饜崊饜尠饜尲 |
| m. wa-stem | -饜崊饜尠饜尮 | -饜崊饜尠饜尲饜尠 | -饜崊饜尮饜尲饜尠 | -饜崊饜尠饜尲饜尮 | -饜崊饜尠饜尲 |
| f. w艒-stem | -饜崊饜尠饜尵 | -饜崊饜崏饜尲饜尠 | -饜崊饜崏饜尲饜尮 | -饜崊饜崏饜尲 | |
| nt. i-stem | -饜尠饜尮 | -饜尮饜尲饜尠 | -饜尮饜尲饜尮 | -饜尮饜尲 | |
| m. i-stem | -饜尠饜尮 | -饜尮饜尲饜尠 | -饜尮饜尲饜尮 | -饜尮饜尲 | |
| f. i-stem | -饜尠饜尮 | -饜尮饜尲饜尠 | -饜尮饜尲饜尮 | -饜尮饜尲 | |
| nt. ji-stem | -饜尵饜尠饜尮 | -饜尵饜尮饜尲饜尠 | -饜尵饜尮饜尲饜尮 | -饜尵饜尮饜尲 | |
| nt. u-stem | -饜尠饜尶 | -饜尶饜尲饜尠 | -饜尶饜尲饜尮 | -饜尶饜尲 | |
| m. u-stem | -饜尠饜尶 | -饜尶饜尲饜尠 | -饜尶饜尲饜尮 | -饜尶饜尲 | |
| f. u-stem | -饜尠饜尶 | -饜尶饜尲饜尠 | -饜尶饜尲饜尮 | -饜尶饜尲 | |
Strong noun genitives always end in -饜尠饜尮 in most of the singulars, though in u-stem singulars they end in -饜尠饜尶.
Weak nouns
| Singular | Dual in. | Dual an. | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nt. an-stem | -饜尮饜尳饜尠饜尮 | -饜尮饜尲饜尠 | -饜尠饜尲饜尮 | -饜尠饜尲 | |
| m. an-stem | -饜尮饜尳饜尠饜尮 | -饜尮饜尲饜尠 | -饜尠饜尲饜尮 | -饜尠饜尲 | |
| f. 艒n-stem | -饜崏饜尳饜尠饜尮 | -饜崏饜尲饜尠 | -饜崏饜尲饜尮 | -饜崏饜尲 | |
| nt. in-stem | -饜尶饜尳饜尠饜尮 | -饜尶饜尲饜尠 | -饜尮饜尲饜尮 | -饜尮饜尲 | |
| m. in-stem | -饜尶饜尳饜尠饜尮 | -饜尶饜尲饜尠 | -饜尮饜尲饜尠 | -饜尮饜尲饜尮 | -饜尮饜尲 |
| f. 墨n-stem | -饜尨饜尮饜尳饜尠饜尮 | -饜尨饜尮饜尲饜尠 | -饜尨饜尮饜尲饜尮 | -饜尨饜尮饜尲 | |
| nt. un-stem | -饜尠饜尳饜尠饜尮 | -饜尠饜尲饜尠 | -饜尶饜尲饜尮 | -饜尶饜尲 | |
| m. un-stem | -饜尠饜尳饜尠饜尮 | -饜尠饜尲饜尠 | -饜尮饜尲饜尠 | -饜尶饜尲饜尮 | -饜尶饜尲 |
| f. 奴n-stem | -饜尶虅饜尳饜尠饜尮 | -饜尶虅饜尲饜尠 | -饜尶虅饜尲饜尮 | -饜尶虅饜尲 | |
Singular weak nouns are ablauted and take -饜尠饜尮 ending after the 饜尳 in all genders and declensions.
In dative (as well in other regular cases), in standard weak plurals and duals the "饜尳" is dropped, but the initial ablaut is preserved.
Consonant stems
| Singular | Dual in. | Dual an. | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nt. ct-stem | -by饜尠饜尮 | -ax饜尶饜尲饜尠 | -by饜尶饜尲饜尮 | -cy饜尶饜尲 | |
| m. ct-stem | -by饜尠饜尮 | -ax饜尶饜尲饜尠 | -ax饜尮饜尲饜尠 | -by饜尶饜尲饜尮 | -cy饜尶饜尲 |
| f. ct-stem | -by饜尠饜尮 | -ax饜尶饜尲饜尠 | -by饜尶饜尲饜尮 | -cy饜尶饜尲 | |
| nt. d-ct-stem | -by饜尠饜尮 | -ax饜尮饜尲饜尠 | -ax饜尶饜尲饜尠 | -by饜尮饜尲饜尮 | -cy饜尮饜尲 |
This table uses the generalized consonant stem notation.
Dative case as a core oblique is ablauted and uses a singular oblique grade vowel before the consonant. All singular consonant stems have a dative ending -饜尠饜尮 after their respective consonant.
Duals, paucals and plurals use -饜尶- instead of a thematic vowel before the non-singular regular case cluster.
Static consonant stems
| Singular | Dual in. | Dual an. | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nt. sc-stem | -饜尶饜尭饜尠饜尮 | -饜尶饜尭饜尶饜尲饜尠 | -饜尶饜尭饜尶饜尲饜尮 | -饜尶饜尭饜尶饜尲 | |
| m. sc-stem | -饜尠饜尮 | -饜尶饜尲饜尠 | -饜尶饜尲饜尮 | -饜尶饜尲 | |
| f. sc-stem | -饜尠饜尮 | -饜尶饜尲饜尠 | -饜尶饜尲饜尮 | -饜尶饜尲 | |
| m. nd-stem | -饜尠饜尮 | -饜尠饜尲饜尠 | -饜尠饜尲饜尮 | -饜尠饜尲 | |
All static consonant stems end in -饜尠饜尮 in singular.
Static consonant stems proper, like the normal consonant stems, use -饜尶- instead of a thematic vowel in duals and plurals. Meanwhile, nd-stem nouns use the vowel -饜尠-.
Neuter consonant stems have an -饜尶饜尭- infix in all forms.