Formal case
Formal case is mainly used to mark position or state of the subject.
Formal case is a regular new oblique and has a non-singular cluster "𐍅".
Usages
1. Essive formal
Main usage of the formal case. Marks state of the subject of the sentence in respect to the action (as whom? as what?).
Formal only applies to the nominative direct subject of a sentence. Rarer accusative and oblique "as" constructions use "case + 𐍃𐍅𐌴" instead.
Examples
2. Durative formal
When used with measures of time (rarer - space, etc) to mark that the action occured through the entire period of time (during what?).
Differs from temporal instrumental in the fact that the latter simply marks a rough estimation of when the action / state occured, even though the duration can sometimes be derived from the verbal aspect.
Examples
3. Formal of temporarity
Chiefly with the verb 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽, formal can be used to stress a temporary state / position instead of a permanent one.
It is only used in "noun - noun" type formations, where identification base aspect is prevalent. Adjectives do not use formal and only take nominative in these formations.
Examples
4. Formal of false identification
With verbs as "𐌸𐌿𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽" or "𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌽" formal is used to mark a false identification.
Examples
Formation
Strong nouns
| Singular | Dual in. | Dual an. | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nt. a-stem | -𐌰𐌽𐍄 | -𐌰𐍅𐌰 | -𐌹𐍅𐌰 | -𐌰𐍅𐌹 | -𐌰𐍅 |
| m. a-stem | -𐌰𐌽𐍄 | -𐌰𐍅𐌰 | -𐌹𐍅𐌰 | -𐌰𐍅𐌹 | -𐌰𐍅 |
| f. ō-stem | -𐌰𐌽𐍄 | -𐍉𐍅𐌰 | -𐍉𐍅𐌹 | -𐍉𐍅 | |
| nt. ja-stem | -𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍄 | -𐌾𐌰𐍅𐌰 | -𐌾𐌹𐍅𐌰 | -𐌾𐌰𐍅𐌹 | -𐌾𐌰𐍅 |
| m. ja-stem | -𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍄 | -𐌾𐌰𐍅𐌰 | -𐌾𐌹𐍅𐌰 | -𐌾𐌰𐍅𐌹 | -𐌾𐌰𐍅 |
| f. jō-stem | -𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍄 | -𐌾𐍉𐍅𐌰 | -𐌾𐍉𐍅𐌹 | -𐌾𐍉𐍅 | |
| nt. wa-stem | -𐍅𐌰𐌽𐍄 | -𐍅𐌰𐍅𐌰 | -𐍅𐌹𐍅𐌰 | -𐍅𐌰𐍅𐌹 | -𐍅𐌰𐍅 |
| m. wa-stem | -𐍅𐌰𐌽𐍄 | -𐍅𐌰𐍅𐌰 | -𐍅𐌹𐍅𐌰 | -𐍅𐌰𐍅𐌹 | -𐍅𐌰𐍅 |
| f. wō-stem | -𐍅𐌰𐌽𐍄 | -𐍅𐍉𐍅𐌰 | -𐍅𐍉𐍅𐌹 | -𐍅𐍉𐍅 | |
| nt. i-stem | -𐌹𐌽𐍄 | -𐌹𐍅𐌰 | -𐌹𐍅𐌹 | -𐌹𐍅 | |
| m. i-stem | -𐌹𐌽𐍄 | -𐌹𐍅𐌰 | -𐌹𐍅𐌹 | -𐌹𐍅 | |
| f. i-stem | -𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍄 | -𐌹𐍅𐌰 | -𐌹𐍅𐌹 | -𐌹𐍅 | |
| nt. ji-stem | -𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍄 | -𐌾𐌹𐍅𐌰 | -𐌾𐌹𐍅𐌹 | -𐌾𐌹𐍅 | |
| nt. u-stem | -𐌿𐌽𐍄 | -𐌿𐍅𐌰 | -𐌿𐍅𐌹 | -𐌿𐍅 | |
| m. u-stem | -𐌿𐌽𐍄 | -𐌿𐍅𐌰 | -𐌿𐍅𐌹 | -𐌿𐍅 | |
| f. u-stem | -𐌿𐌽𐍄 | -𐌿𐍅𐌰 | -𐌿𐍅𐌹 | -𐌿𐍅 | |
Strong nouns mainly use their thematic vowel followed by a suffix -𐌽𐍄 in singulars (notable exceptions are feminine i-stem which uses -𐌰𐌹- instead of a thematic vowel and feminine ō-stem which uses -𐌰-).
Weak nouns
| Singular | Dual in. | Dual an. | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nt. an-stem | -𐌹𐌽𐌿 | -𐌹𐍅𐌰 | -𐌰𐍅𐌹 | -𐌰𐍅 | |
| m. an-stem | -𐌹𐌽𐌿 | -𐌹𐍅𐌰 | -𐌰𐍅𐌹 | -𐌰𐍅 | |
| f. ōn-stem | -𐍉𐌽𐌿 | -𐍉𐍅𐌰 | -𐍉𐍅𐌹 | -𐍉𐍅 | |
| nt. in-stem | -𐌿𐌽𐌿 | -𐌿𐍅𐌰 | -𐌹𐍅𐌹 | -𐌹𐍅 | |
| m. in-stem | -𐌿𐌽𐌿 | -𐌿𐍅𐌰 | -𐌹𐍅𐌰 | -𐌹𐍅𐌹 | -𐌹𐍅 |
| f. īn-stem | -𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌿 | -𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 | -𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌹 | -𐌴𐌹𐍅 | |
| nt. un-stem | -𐌰𐌽𐌿 | -𐌰𐍅𐌰 | -𐌿𐍅𐌹 | -𐌿𐍅 | |
| m. un-stem | -𐌰𐌽𐌿 | -𐌰𐍅𐌰 | -𐌹𐍅𐌰 | -𐌿𐍅𐌹 | -𐌿𐍅 |
| f. ūn-stem | -𐌿̄𐌽𐌿 | -𐌿̄𐍅𐌰 | -𐌿̄𐍅𐌹 | -𐌿̄𐍅 | |
Weak singulars are ablauted and have an unexpected suffix -𐌿 after the -𐌽-.
Consonant stems
| Singular | Dual in. | Dual an. | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nt. ct-stem | -ax𐌿𐌽𐍄 | -ax𐌿𐍅𐌰 | -by𐌿𐍅𐌹 | -cy𐌿𐍅 | |
| m. ct-stem | -ax𐌿𐌽𐍄 | -ax𐌿𐍅𐌰 | -ax𐌹𐍅𐌰 | -by𐌿𐍅𐌹 | -cy𐌿𐍅 |
| f. ct-stem | -ax𐌿𐌽𐍄 | -ax𐌿𐍅𐌰 | -by𐌿𐍅𐌹 | -cy𐌿𐍅 | |
| nt. d-ct-stem | -ax𐌹𐌽𐍄 | -ax𐌹𐍅𐌰 | -ax𐌿𐍅𐌰 | -by𐌹𐍅𐌹 | -cy𐌹𐍅 |
This table uses the generalized consonant stem notation.
Formal is not a core oblique, therefore it uses a short unablauted vowel in singular consonant stems. The singular ending is -𐌿𐌽𐍄 after the consonant.
Static consonant stems
| Singular | Dual in. | Dual an. | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nt. sc-stem | -𐌿𐌸𐌿𐌽𐍄 | -𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍅𐌰 | -𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍅𐌹 | -𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍅 | |
| m. sc-stem | -𐌿𐌽𐍄 | -𐌿𐍅𐌰 | -𐌹𐍅𐌰 | -𐌿𐍅𐌹 | -𐌿𐍅 |
| f. sc-stem | -𐌿𐌽𐍄 | -𐌿𐍅𐌰 | -𐌿𐍅𐌹 | -𐌿𐍅 | |
| m. nd-stem | -𐌰𐌽𐍄 | -𐌰𐍅𐌰 | -𐌹𐍅𐌰 | -𐌰𐍅𐌹 | -𐌰𐍅 |
All static consonant stems proper end in -𐌿𐌽𐍄 in singular. Meanwhile, nd-stems end in -𐌰𐌽𐍄.
Neuter consonant stems have an -𐌿𐌸- infix in all forms.