Instrumental case
Primarily marks an instrument of an action.
Instrumental case is a regular core oblique and has a non-singular cluster "𐌼𐍃" (devoiced).
For Gothic speakers: Despite instrumental not being present in Gothic, Wistrish instrumental mostly relates to Proto-Germanic instrumental. A lot of Gothic dative usages that the language got from the merger of these two cases are transferred back to instrumental.
Usages
1. Instrument instrumental
The standard usage of instrumental. Answers to the questions "with what" and "with whom".
Bare instrumental is not used for commitative constructions with the meaning "together with", there instrumental + 𐌼𐌹𐌸 is used.
Examples (instrument)
Examples (means)
2. Instrumental of time
Used to specify when something happened.
Examples
3. Instrumental of degree
Generally used in comparative constructions to specify the degree of difference.
Examples
4. Price instrumental
Used to mark literal and metaphorical prices paid for something.
Examples
Formation
Strong nouns
| Singular | Dual in. | Dual an. | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nt. a-stem | -𐌰 | -𐌰𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌹𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌰𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐌰𐌼𐍃 |
| m. a-stem | -𐌰 | -𐌰𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌹𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌰𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐌰𐌼𐍃 |
| f. ō-stem | -𐌰 | -𐍉𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐍉𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐍉𐌼𐍃 | |
| nt. ja-stem | -𐌾𐌰 | -𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌾𐌹𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐌾𐌰𐌼𐍃 |
| m. ja-stem | -𐌾𐌰 | -𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌾𐌹𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐌾𐌰𐌼𐍃 |
| f. jō-stem | -𐌾𐌰 | -𐌾𐍉𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌾𐍉𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐌾𐍉𐌼𐍃 | |
| nt. wa-stem | -𐍅𐌰 | -𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐍅𐌹𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐍅𐌰𐌼𐍃 |
| m. wa-stem | -𐍅𐌰 | -𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐍅𐌹𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐍅𐌰𐌼𐍃 |
| f. wō-stem | -𐍅𐌰 | -𐍅𐍉𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐍅𐍉𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐍅𐍉𐌼𐍃 | |
| nt. i-stem | -𐌰 | -𐌹𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌹𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐌹𐌼𐍃 | |
| m. i-stem | -𐌰 | -𐌹𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌹𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐌹𐌼𐍃 | |
| f. i-stem | -𐌰 | -𐌹𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌹𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐌹𐌼𐍃 | |
| nt. ji-stem | -𐌾𐌰 | -𐌾𐌹𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌾𐌹𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐌾𐌹𐌼𐍃 | |
| nt. u-stem | -𐌿 | -𐌿𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌿𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐌿𐌼𐍃 | |
| m. u-stem | -𐌿 | -𐌿𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌿𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐌿𐌼𐍃 | |
| f. u-stem | -𐌿 | -𐌿𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌿𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐌿𐌼𐍃 | |
In non-u-stem singulars instrumental has its standard singular suffix -𐌰, while in u-stems it has a suffix -𐌿.
Weak nouns
| Singular | Dual in. | Dual an. | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nt. an-stem | -𐌹𐌽𐌰 | -𐌹𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌰𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐌰𐌼𐍃 | |
| m. an-stem | -𐌹𐌽𐌰 | -𐌹𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌰𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐌰𐌼𐍃 | |
| f. ōn-stem | -𐍉𐌽𐌰 | -𐍉𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐍉𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐍉𐌼𐍃 | |
| nt. in-stem | -𐌿𐌽𐌰 | -𐌿𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌹𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐌹𐌼𐍃 | |
| m. in-stem | -𐌿𐌽𐌰 | -𐌿𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌹𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌹𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐌹𐌼𐍃 |
| f. īn-stem | -𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 | -𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐌴𐌹𐌼𐍃 | |
| nt. un-stem | -𐌰𐌽𐌰 | -𐌰𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌿𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐌿𐌼𐍃 | |
| m. un-stem | -𐌰𐌽𐌰 | -𐌰𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌹𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌿𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐌿𐌼𐍃 |
| f. ūn-stem | -𐌿̄𐌽𐌰 | -𐌿̄𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌿̄𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐌿̄𐌼𐍃 | |
Singular weak nouns are ablauted and take standard ending -𐌰 after the 𐌽 in all genders and declensions.
In instrumental (as well in other regular cases), in weak plurals, paucals and standard duals the "𐌽" is dropped, but the initial ablaut is preserved.
Consonant stems
| Singular | Dual in. | Dual an. | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nt. ct-stem | -by𐌰 | -ax𐌿𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -by𐌿𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -cy𐌿𐌼𐍃 | |
| m. ct-stem | -by𐌰 | -ax𐌿𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -ax𐌹𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -by𐌿𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -cy𐌿𐌼𐍃 |
| f. ct-stem | -by𐌰 | -ax𐌿𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -by𐌿𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -cy𐌿𐌼𐍃 | |
| nt. d-ct-stem | -by𐌰 | -ax𐌹𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -ax𐌿𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -by𐌹𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -cy𐌹𐌼𐍃 |
This table uses the generalized consonant stem notation.
Instrumental case as a core oblique is ablauted and uses a singular oblique grade vowel before the consonant. All singular consonant stems have an instrumental ending -𐌰 after their consonant.
Duals and plurals use -𐌿- instead of a thematic vowel before the non-singular regular case cluster.
Static consonant stems
| Singular | Dual in. | Dual an. | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nt. sc-stem | -𐌿𐌸𐌰 | -𐌿𐌸𐌿𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌿𐌸𐌿𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐌿𐌸𐌿𐌼𐍃 | |
| m. sc-stem | -𐌰 | -𐌿𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌹𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌿𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐌿𐌼𐍃 |
| f. sc-stem | -𐌰 | -𐌿𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌿𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐌿𐌼𐍃 | |
| m. nd-stem | -𐌰 | -𐌰𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌹𐌼𐌶𐌰 | -𐌰𐌼𐌶𐌹 | -𐌰𐌼𐍃 |
All static consonant stems end in standard instrumental -𐌰 in singular.
Static consonant stems proper, like the normal consonant stems, use -𐌿- instead of a thematic vowel in duals, paucals and plurals. Meanwhile, nd-stem nouns use the vowel -𐌰-.
Neuter consonant stems have an -𐌿𐌸- infix in all forms.