Locative case
Locative case is generally used to mark location in. Together with allative and ablative, locative forms the so called "triad" cases, frequently encountered with postpositions of location.
Like other locative cases, locative proper has suffixed subcases:
- Subessive (-πΉπ½) β states location inside of the noun. Usually used with solid object nouns or nouns of enclosed places to state that something is explicitly inside, not just in a general location of something.
- Superessive (-π°π) β marks location on a surface of the noun.
Suffixed subcases are placed right after the case consonant / cluster, but before the dual / paucal marker and the indefinitives.
Locative case is a regular new oblique and has a non-singular cluster "ππ" (devoiced).
Usages
1. Locative of location
The main and generally the only usage of locative case, which is not tied to specific verbs. Can mark both literal location or can be used more abstractly.
Examples
Formation
Strong nouns
| Singular | Dual in. | Dual an. | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nt. a-stem | -π°π | -π°ππΆπ° | -πΉππΆπ° | -π°ππΆπΉ | -π°ππ |
| m. a-stem | -π°π | -π°ππΆπ° | -πΉππΆπ° | -π°ππΆπΉ | -π°ππ |
| f. Ε-stem | -π°π | -πππΆπ° | -πππΆπΉ | -πππ | |
| nt. ja-stem | -πΎπ°π | -πΎπ°ππΆπ° | -πΎπΉππΆπ° | -πΎπ°ππΆπΉ | -πΎπ°ππ |
| m. ja-stem | -πΎπ°π | -πΎπ°ππΆπ° | -πΎπΉππΆπ° | -πΎπ°ππΆπΉ | -πΎπ°ππ |
| f. jΕ-stem | -πΎπ°π | -πΎπππΆπ° | -πΎπππΆπΉ | -πΎπππ | |
| nt. wa-stem | -π π°π | -π π°ππΆπ° | -π πΉππΆπ° | -π π°ππΆπΉ | -π π°ππ |
| m. wa-stem | -π π°π | -π π°ππΆπ° | -π πΉππΆπ° | -π π°ππΆπΉ | -π π°ππ |
| f. wΕ-stem | -π π°π | -π πππΆπ° | -π πππΆπΉ | -π πππ | |
| nt. i-stem | -πΉπ | -πΉππΆπ° | -πΉππΆπΉ | -πΉππ | |
| m. i-stem | -πΉπ | -πΉππΆπ° | -πΉππΆπΉ | -πΉππ | |
| f. i-stem | -π°πΉπ | -πΉππΆπ° | -πΉππΆπΉ | -πΉππ | |
| nt. ji-stem | -πΎπΉπ | -πΎπΉππΆπ° | -πΎπΉππΆπΉ | -πΎπΉππ | |
| nt. u-stem | -πΏπ | -πΏππΆπ° | -πΏππΆπΉ | -πΏππ | |
| m. u-stem | -πΏπ | -πΏππΆπ° | -πΏππΆπΉ | -πΏππ | |
| f. u-stem | -πΏπ | -πΏππΆπ° | -πΏππΆπΉ | -πΏππ | |
Strong nouns mainly use their thematic vowel followed by a suffix -π in singulars (notable exceptions are feminine i-stem which uses -π°πΉ- instead of a thematic vowel and feminine Ε-stem which uses -π°-).
Weak nouns
| Singular | Dual in. | Dual an. | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nt. an-stem | -πΉπ½π | -πΉππΆπ° | -π°ππΆπΉ | -π°ππ | |
| m. an-stem | -πΉπ½π | -πΉππΆπ° | -π°ππΆπΉ | -π°ππ | |
| f. Εn-stem | -ππ½π | -πππΆπ° | -πππΆπΉ | -πππ | |
| nt. in-stem | -πΏπ½π | -πΏππΆπ° | -πΉππΆπΉ | -πΉππ | |
| m. in-stem | -πΏπ½π | -πΏππΆπ° | -πΉππΆπ° | -πΉππΆπΉ | -πΉππ |
| f. Δ«n-stem | -π΄πΉπ½π | -π΄πΉππΆπ° | -π΄πΉππΆπΉ | -π΄πΉππ | |
| nt. un-stem | -π°π½π | -π°ππΆπ° | -πΏππΆπΉ | -πΏππ | |
| m. un-stem | -π°π½π | -π°ππΆπ° | -πΉππΆπ° | -πΏππΆπΉ | -πΏππ |
| f. Ε«n-stem | -πΏΜπ½π | -πΏΜππΆπ° | -πΏΜππΆπΉ | -πΏΜππ | |
Weak singulars are ablauted and have a suffix -π after the -π½-.
Consonant stems
| Singular | Dual in. | Dual an. | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nt. ct-stem | -axπΏπ | -axπΏππΆπ° | -byπΏππΆπΉ | -cyπΏππ | |
| m. ct-stem | -axπΏπ | -axπΏππΆπ° | -axπΉππΆπ° | -byπΏππΆπΉ | -cyπΏππ |
| f. ct-stem | -axπΏπ | -axπΏππΆπ° | -byπΏππΆπΉ | -cyπΏππ | |
| nt. d-ct-stem | -axπΉπ | -axπΉππΆπ° | -axπΏππΆπ° | -byπΉππΆπΉ | -cyπΉππ |
This table uses the generalized consonant stem notation.
Allative is not a core oblique, therefore it uses a short unablauted vowel in singular consonant stems. The singular ending is -πΏπ after the consonant.
Static consonant stems
| Singular | Dual in. | Dual an. | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nt. sc-stem | -πΏπΈπΏπ | -πΏπΈπΏππΆπ° | -πΏπΈπΏππΆπΉ | -πΏπΈπΏππ | |
| m. sc-stem | -πΏπ | -πΏππΆπ° | -πΉππΆπ° | -πΏππΆπΉ | -πΏππ |
| f. sc-stem | -πΏπ | -πΏππΆπ° | -πΏππΆπΉ | -πΏππ | |
| m. nd-stem | -π°π | -π°ππΆπ° | -πΉππΆπ° | -π°ππΆπΉ | -π°ππ |
All static consonant stems proper end in -πΏπ in singular. Meanwhile, nd-stems end in -π°π.
Neuter consonant stems have an -πΏπΈ- infix in all forms.