Nominative case

Nominative case is the case that mainly marks the direct subject of a sentence in Wistrish.

Usages

1. Direct subject

The main usage of the nominative case. Direct subject is the noun which performs the action described by an active verb or is the direct object of an action descibed by a passive verb.

Examples

πŒΊπŒ°π„π„πŒΏπƒ
"cat"
πŒΊπŒ°π„π„πŒΏπƒ - cat
m. u-stem anim.
nom. sg.
𐌼𐌰𐌲𐌿
"boy"
πŒΌπŒ°πŒ²πŒΏπƒ - boy
m. u-stem anim.
acc. sg.
πƒπŒ°πŒΉπˆπŒΉπŒΈ
"is / will be seeing"
πƒπŒ°πŒΉπˆπŒ°πŒ½ - to see
S-V-𐌲𐌰
Imp BASE
pr. ag. ind. 3pSG
Β·
The cat sees a boy.
πŒΊπŒ°π„π„πŒΏπƒ
"cat"
πŒΊπŒ°π„π„πŒΏπƒ - cat
m. u-stem anim.
nom. sg.
𐌼𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌿
"by boy"
πŒΌπŒ°πŒ²πŒΏπƒ - boy
m. u-stem anim.
peg. sg.
πŒ²π‚πŒ΄πŒΉπŒ½πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΈ
"is / will be being pet"
πŒ²π‚πŒΉπŒ½πŒ³πŒ°πŒ½ - to pet
S-III-𐌲𐌰
Imp PASS
pr. ag. ind. 3pSG
Β·
The cat is being pet by a boy.
πŒΌπŒΉπŒΌπŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒΎπŒΏ
"note"
πŒΌπŒΉπŒΌπŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒΉ - note
f. jō-stem
acc. sg.
πŒ»πŒ΄πŒΊπŒ΄πŒΉπƒ
"male doctor"
πŒ»πŒ΄πŒΊπŒ΄πŒΉπƒ - doctor
GP-JAS: m. ja-stem anim.
nom. sg.
𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌸
"is / will be writing"
𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰𐌽 - to write
S-VIId1-𐌲𐌰
Imp BASE
pr. ag. ind. 3pSG
Β·
A doctor is writing the note.

2. Non-temporary state in nominal predicates

In sentences with nominal predicates (AKA sentences of the "X is Y" model, where Y is a noun/pronoun) that describe a non-temporary state/role, the predicate takes the nominative case.

These are often observed in sentences/clauses with a stative-durative (or implied) verb π…πŒΉπƒπŒ°πŒ½, though it may also occur with π…πŒΉπƒπŒ°πŒ½ of base length in identification statements.

Examples

𐌷𐌹𐌾𐌰
"this"
πŒ·πŒΉπƒ - this
f. nom. sg.
–
π†π‚πŒΉπŒΎπ‰πŒ½πŒ³πŒΉ
"female friend"
π†π‚πŒΉπŒΎπ‰πŒ½πŒ³πƒ - friend
GP-ND: f. jō-stem
nom. sg.
𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰
"my"
πŒΌπŒ΄πŒΉπŒ½πƒ - friend
a-stem, no weak
f. nom. sg.
Β·
This is my friend.
𐌸.πŒΉπŒΏπŒ³πŒ°π‚πŒ΄πŒΉπŒΊπƒ
"Thiudareiks"
𐌸.πŒΉπŒΏπŒ³πŒ°π‚πŒ΄πŒΉπŒΊπƒ - Thiudareiks (name)
m. sc-stem
nom. sg.
–
πŒ²π‰πŒ³πƒ
"a good"
πŒ²π‰πŒ³πƒ - good
a-stem
str. m. nom. sg.
π„πŒΉπŒΌπ‚πŒ°
"male builder"
π„πŒΉπŒΌπ‚πŒ° - builder
GP-AN: m. an-stem
nom. sg.
π…πŒΉπƒπŒ°Μ„πŒΉπŒΈ
"generally is"
π…πŒΉπƒπŒ°πŒ½ - to be
irreg. S-V suppl.
Imp DUST
pr. ag. ind. 3pSG
-
𐌿
"is he?"
𐌿
interrogative particle
;
Is Thiudareiks a good builder?
πŒΎπŒ°Μ„πŒΉπŒ½πƒ
"that over there" / "yon"
πŒΎπŒ°Μ„πŒΉπŒ½πƒ - yon
a-stem, no weak
m. nom. sg.
–
πŒ·πŒΏπŒ½πŒ³πƒ
"dog"
πŒ·πŒΏπŒ½πŒ³πƒ - dog
m. a-stem anim.
nom. sg.
πŒΌπŒ΄πŒΉπŒ½πƒ
"my"
πŒΌπŒ΄πŒΉπŒ½πƒ - my
a-stem, no weak
str. m. nom. sg.
πŒΉπƒπ„
"is being"
π…πŒΉπƒπŒ°πŒ½ - to be
irreg. S-V suppl.
Imp BASE
pres. ag. ind. 3pSG
!
That is my dog!

Formation

Strong nouns

Singular Dual in. Dual an. Paucal Plural
nt. a-stem - -𐌹 -𐌹𐌽𐌰 -𐌹𐌾𐌰 -𐌰
m. a-stem -𐍃 -𐌰 -πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ -𐍉𐍃
f. ō-stem -𐌰 -πŒ°Μ„πŒΉ -πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ -𐍉𐍃
nt. ja-stem -𐌹 -𐌴𐌹 -𐌾𐌹𐌽𐌰 -𐌾𐌹𐌾𐌰 -𐌾𐌰
m. ja-stem -πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ -𐌾𐌰 -πŒΎπŒ΄πŒΉπƒ -πŒΎπ‰πƒ
f. jō-stem -𐌹 -πŒΎπŒ°Μ„πŒΉ -πŒΎπŒ΄πŒΉπƒ -πŒΎπ‰πƒ
nt. wa-stem -𐌿 -π…πŒΉ -π…πŒΉπŒ½πŒ° -π…πŒΉπŒΎπŒ° -π…πŒ°
m. wa-stem -πŒΏπƒ -π…πŒ° -π…πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ -𐍅𐍉𐍃
f. wō-stem -𐌿 -π…πŒ°Μ„πŒΉ -π…πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ -𐍅𐍉𐍃
nt. i-stem - -𐌰 -𐌹𐌽𐌰 -𐌿𐌾𐌰 -𐌹
m. i-stem -𐍃 -𐌰𐌹 -𐌰 -πŒΏΜ„πƒ -πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ
f. i-stem -𐍃 -πŒ°Μ„πŒΉ -πŒΏΜ„πƒ -πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ
nt. ji-stem -𐌹 -𐌾𐌰 -𐌾𐌹𐌽𐌰 -𐌾𐌿𐌾𐌰 -𐌴𐌹
nt. u-stem -𐌿 -πŒΏΜ„ -𐌰𐌾𐌰 -𐌾𐌿
m. u-stem -πŒΏπƒ -πŒΏΜ„ -πŒ°Μ„πƒ -πŒΎπŒΏπƒ
f. u-stem -πŒΏπƒ -πŒΏΜ„ -πŒ°Μ„πƒ -πŒΎπŒΏπƒ

Strong noun nominatives in masculines and non-ō feminines end in -𐍃, while neuters do not have any consonant attached. Singular u-stems have additional vowel -𐌿- attached to the beginning of a suffix.

Weak nouns

Singular Dual in. Dual an. Paucal Plural
nt. an-stem -𐍉 -𐌹𐌽𐌰 -π‰πŒ½πŒΉ -π‰πŒ½πŒ°
m. an-stem -𐌰 -𐌹𐌽𐌰 -𐌰 -𐌰𐌽𐌹 -πŒ°πŒ½πƒ
f. ōn-stem -𐍉 -π‰πŒ½πŒ° -π‰πŒ½πŒΉ -π‰πŒ½πƒ
nt. in-stem -𐌴 -𐌿𐌽𐌰 -𐌴𐌽𐌹 -𐌴𐌽𐌰
m. in-stem -𐌹 -𐌿𐌽𐌰 -𐌰 -𐌹𐌽𐌹 -πŒΉπŒ½πƒ
f. Δ«n-stem -𐌴𐌹 -𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 -𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌹 -πŒ΄πŒΉπŒ½πƒ
nt. un-stem -πŒ°Μ„ -𐌰𐌽𐌰 -πŒ°Μ„πŒ½πŒΉ -πŒ°Μ„πŒ½πŒ°
m. un-stem -𐌿 -𐌰𐌽𐌰 -𐌰 -𐌿𐌽𐌹 -πŒΏπŒ½πƒ
f. Ε«n-stem -πŒΏΜ„ -πŒΏΜ„πŒ½πŒ° -πŒΏΜ„πŒ½πŒΉ -πŒΏΜ„πŒ½πƒ

Nominative singular of the weak nouns is notable by the fact that it does not include the consonant -𐌽- in itself.

Standard duals are ablauted and have an ending -𐌰- attached after the -𐌽-.

Plurals are not ablauted and have an ending -𐍃- attached after the -𐌽-.

Consonant stems

Singular Dual in. Dual an. Paucal Plural
nt. ct-stem -ax -ax𐌹 -by𐌹𐌾𐌰 -cy𐌰
m. ct-stem -āx -axπŒΏΜ„ -ax𐌰 -byπŒ°Μ„πƒ -cyπŒΎπŒΏπƒ
f. ct-stem -āx -axπŒΏΜ„ -byπŒ°Μ„πƒ -cyπŒΎπŒΏπƒ
nt. d-ct-stem -āx -ax𐌰 -axπŒΏΜ„ -by𐌿𐌾𐌰 -cy𐌹

This table uses the generalized consonant stem notation.

Singular consonant stems in nominative case are unablauted, and in the common consonant stems the unablauted vowel uses its lenitioned variant. Duals are not ablauted. Plurals are ablauted.

Derived neuter consonant stem is the only neuter class that has different nominative and accusative forms.

Neuter consonant stems are similar to the neuter a-stem conjugation in dual and plural, while the common consonant stems are similar to the masculine/feminine u-stems in duals in plurals.

Static consonant stems

Singular Dual in. Dual an. Paucal Plural
nt. sc-stem - -𐌿𐌸𐌹 -𐌿𐌸𐌹𐌾𐌰 -𐌿𐌸
m. sc-stem -𐍃 -𐌰 -𐍃
f. sc-stem -𐍃
m. nd-stem -𐍃 -𐌰

Masculine and feminine static consonant stems, as well as masculine nd-stem, always end in -𐍃 in standard forms.

Neuter consonant stems have a null-ending in singular, lacking the defining -𐌸-, and -𐌿𐌸 in duals and plurals (no animate neuter consonant stems exist and therefore there are no non-standard forms of them).