Pegative case
Primarily marks sentence indirect subjects (see the indirect subject section below).
Pegative case is a regular core oblique and has a non-singular cluster "饜崌".
Usages
1. Indirect subjects
The standard usage of pegative. Answers to the questions "by what" and "by whom".
Generally by indirect subject we mean someone or something which is the source or the donor of the direct object, being technically the opposite of an indirect object. Meanwhile "indirect subject" is an active state, meaning that the direct object in quetion should be provided through an action of the indirect subject, such as giving, making, sending, talking, etc.
Examples
2. Passive subject pegative
When the verb / participle becomes passive, its direct subject become indirect and therefore the actor of a passive construction now takes the pegative case.
The original indirect subject, if there was one, in passive formations becomes "indirect supersubject" and instead of a bare pegative takes pegative + 饜崋饜崅饜尠饜尲.
Examples
3. Comparative pegative
Used in comparatives to mark the object that is being compared to.
Examples
Formation
Strong nouns
| Singular | Dual in. | Dual an. | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nt. a-stem | -饜尮 | -饜尠饜崌饜尠 | -饜尮饜崌饜尠 | -饜尠饜崌饜尮 | -饜尠饜崌 |
| m. a-stem | -饜尮 | -饜尠饜崌饜尠 | -饜尮饜崌饜尠 | -饜尠饜崌饜尮 | -饜尠饜崌 |
| f. 艒-stem | -饜尠饜尮 | -饜崏饜崌饜尠 | -饜崏饜崌饜尮 | -饜崏饜崌 | |
| nt. ja-stem | -饜尵饜尮 | -饜尵饜尠饜崌饜尠 | -饜尵饜尮饜崌饜尠 | -饜尵饜尠饜崌饜尮 | -饜尵饜尠饜崌 |
| m. ja-stem | -饜尵饜尮 | -饜尵饜尠饜崌饜尠 | -饜尵饜尮饜崌饜尠 | -饜尵饜尠饜崌饜尮 | -饜尵饜尠饜崌 |
| f. j艒-stem | -饜尵饜尠饜尮 | -饜尵饜崏饜崌饜尠 | -饜尵饜崏饜崌饜尮 | -饜尵饜崏饜崌 | |
| nt. wa-stem | -饜崊饜尮 | -饜崊饜尠饜崌饜尠 | -饜崊饜尮饜崌饜尠 | -饜崊饜尠饜崌饜尮 | -饜崊饜尠饜崌 |
| m. wa-stem | -饜崊饜尮 | -饜崊饜尠饜崌饜尠 | -饜崊饜尮饜崌饜尠 | -饜崊饜尠饜崌饜尮 | -饜崊饜尠饜崌 |
| f. w艒-stem | -饜崊饜尠饜尮 | -饜崊饜崏饜崌饜尠 | -饜崊饜崏饜崌饜尮 | -饜崊饜崏饜崌 | |
| nt. i-stem | -饜尮 | -饜尮饜崌饜尠 | -饜尮饜崌饜尮 | -饜尮饜崌 | |
| m. i-stem | -饜尮 | -饜尮饜崌饜尠 | -饜尮饜崌饜尮 | -饜尮饜崌 | |
| f. i-stem | -饜尮 | -饜尮饜崌饜尠 | -饜尮饜崌饜尮 | -饜尮饜崌 | |
| nt. ji-stem | -饜尵饜尮 | -饜尵饜尮饜崌饜尠 | -饜尵饜尮饜崌饜尮 | -饜尵饜尮饜崌 | |
| nt. u-stem | -饜尮饜尶 | -饜尶饜崌饜尠 | -饜尶饜崌饜尮 | -饜尶饜崌 | |
| m. u-stem | -饜尮饜尶 | -饜尶饜崌饜尠 | -饜尶饜崌饜尮 | -饜尶饜崌 | |
| f. u-stem | -饜尮饜尶 | -饜尶饜崌饜尠 | -饜尶饜崌饜尮 | -饜尶饜崌 | |
Strong noun pegatives end in -饜尮 in most of the singulars, though in u-stem singulars they end in 饜尮饜尶.
Weak nouns
| Singular | Dual in. | Dual an. | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nt. an-stem | -饜尮饜尳饜尮 | -饜尮饜崌饜尠 | -饜尠饜崌饜尮 | -饜尠饜崌 | |
| m. an-stem | -饜尮饜尳饜尮 | -饜尮饜崌饜尠 | -饜尠饜崌饜尮 | -饜尠饜崌 | |
| f. 艒n-stem | -饜崏饜尳饜尮 | -饜崏饜崌饜尠 | -饜崏饜崌饜尮 | -饜崏饜崌 | |
| nt. in-stem | -饜尶饜尳饜尮 | -饜尶饜崌饜尠 | -饜尮饜崌饜尮 | -饜尮饜崌 | |
| m. in-stem | -饜尶饜尳饜尮 | -饜尶饜崌饜尠 | -饜尮饜崌饜尠 | -饜尮饜崌饜尮 | -饜尮饜崌 |
| f. 墨n-stem | -饜尨饜尮饜尳饜尮 | -饜尨饜尮饜崌饜尠 | -饜尨饜尮饜崌饜尮 | -饜尨饜尮饜崌 | |
| nt. un-stem | -饜尠饜尳饜尮 | -饜尠饜崌饜尠 | -饜尶饜崌饜尮 | -饜尶饜崌 | |
| m. un-stem | -饜尠饜尳饜尮 | -饜尠饜崌饜尠 | -饜尮饜崌饜尠 | -饜尶饜崌饜尮 | -饜尶饜崌 |
| f. 奴n-stem | -饜尶虅饜尳饜尮 | -饜尶虅饜崌饜尠 | -饜尶虅饜崌饜尮 | -饜尶虅饜崌 | |
Singular weak nouns are ablauted and take -饜尮 ending after the 饜尳 in all genders and declensions.
In pegative (as well in other regular cases), in standard weak plurals, paucals and duals the "饜尳" is dropped, but the initial ablaut is preserved.
Consonant stems
| Singular | Dual in. | Dual an. | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nt. ct-stem | -by饜尮 | -ax饜尶饜崌饜尠 | -by饜尶饜崌饜尮 | -cy饜尶饜崌 | |
| m. ct-stem | -by饜尮 | -ax饜尶饜崌饜尠 | -ax饜尮饜崌饜尠 | -by饜尶饜崌饜尮 | -cy饜尶饜崌 |
| f. ct-stem | -by饜尮 | -ax饜尶饜崌饜尠 | -by饜尶饜崌饜尮 | -cy饜尶饜崌 | |
| nt. d-ct-stem | -by饜尮 | -ax饜尮饜崌饜尠 | -ax饜尶饜崌饜尠 | -by饜尮饜崌饜尮 | -cy饜尮饜崌 |
This table uses the generalized consonant stem notation.
Pegative case as a core oblique is ablauted and uses a singular oblique grade vowel before the consonant. All singular consonant stems have an ending -饜尮 after their respective consonant.
Duals, paucals and plurals use -饜尶- instead of a thematic vowel before the non-singular regular case cluster.
Static consonant stems
| Singular | Dual in. | Dual an. | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nt. sc-stem | -饜尶饜尭饜尮 | -饜尶饜尭饜尶饜崌饜尠 | -饜尶饜尭饜尶饜崌饜尮 | -饜尶饜尭饜尶饜崌 | |
| m. sc-stem | -饜尮 | -饜尶饜崌饜尠 | -饜尮饜崌饜尠 | -饜尶饜崌饜尮 | -饜尶饜崌 |
| f. sc-stem | -饜尮 | -饜尶饜崌饜尠 | -饜尶饜崌饜尮 | -饜尶饜崌 | |
| m. nd-stem | -饜尮 | -饜尠饜崌饜尠 | -饜尮饜崌饜尠 | -饜尠饜崌饜尮 | -饜尠饜崌 |
All pegative static consonant stems end in -饜尮 in singular.
Static consonant stems proper, like the normal consonant stems, use -饜尶- instead of a thematic vowel in duals, paucals and plurals. Meanwhile, nd-stem nouns use the vowel -饜尠-.
Neuter consonant stems have an -饜尶饜尭- infix in all forms.