Vocative case

Vocative case is the case that is used to mark an addressee. Its status as a noun case is debatable as it is not really a part of the sentence, but nontheless.

Vocative is characterized by having a -𐌰𐌿 endings in singular and being identical to nominative in duals and plurals.

Usages

1. Adressings

The main and the only usage of the nominative case.

Examples

πŒΊπŒ°π‚πŒΉπŒ»πŒ°πŒΏ
"o guy!"
πŒΊπŒ°π‚πŒΉπŒ»πƒ - guy
m. a-stem anim.
voc. sg.
,
𐌸𐌿
"you one" / "thou"
𐌸𐌿 - thou
nom.
πˆπŒ°πƒ
"who"
πˆπŒ°πƒ - who
m. nom. sg.
πŒΉπƒ
"you are being"
π…πŒΉπƒπŒ°πŒ½ - to be
irreg. S-V suppl.
Imp BASE
pr. ag. ind. 2pSG
;
Dude, who are you?
𐌾.𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌿
"o Johans!"
𐌾.πŒ°πŒΏπŒ·πŒ°πŒ½πƒ - Johans (name)
m. i-stem anim.
voc. sg.
,
πŒ·πŒΉπŒ³π‚πŒ΄
"hither"
πŒ·πŒΉπŒ³π‚πŒ΄ - hither
𐌡𐌹𐌼
"you shall come"
𐌡𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 - to come
S-IV-𐌲𐌰
Imp BASE
I act. ag. 2pSG
!
Juhans, come here!
π†π‚πŒΉπŒΎπ‰πŒ½πŒ³πƒ
"o friends!"
π†π‚πŒΉπŒΎπ‰πŒ½πŒ³πƒ - friend
GP-ND: m. nd-stem anim.
voc. pl.
,
πŒΌπŒΏπƒπŒΉπŒΏπŒΈ
"to museum"
πŒΌπŒΏπƒπŒΉπŒΏ - museum
nt. u-stem
all. sg.
𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌹𐌳
"you will go"
𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 - to write
S-VIIc1-𐌲𐌰 suppl.
GenP BASE
pr. ag. ind. 2pPL
-
𐌿
"will you?"
𐌿
interrogative particle
;
Friends, are you going to the museum?

Formation

Strong nouns

Singular Dual in. Dual an. Paucal Plural
nt. a-stem -𐌰𐌿 -𐌹 -𐌹𐌽𐌰 -𐌹𐌾𐌰 -𐌰
m. a-stem -𐌰𐌿 -𐌰 -πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ -𐍉𐍃
f. ō-stem -𐌰𐌿 -πŒ°Μ„πŒΉ -πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ -𐍉𐍃
nt. ja-stem -𐌾𐌰𐌿 -𐌴𐌹 -𐌾𐌹𐌽𐌰 -𐌾𐌹𐌾𐌰 -𐌾𐌰
m. ja-stem -𐌾𐌰𐌿 -𐌾𐌰 -πŒΎπŒ΄πŒΉπƒ -πŒΎπ‰πƒ
f. jō-stem -𐌾𐌰𐌿 -πŒΎπŒ°Μ„πŒΉ -πŒΎπŒ΄πŒΉπƒ -πŒΎπ‰πƒ
nt. wa-stem -π…πŒ°πŒΏ -π…πŒΉ -π…πŒΉπŒ½πŒ° -π…πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ -π…πŒ°
m. wa-stem -π…πŒ°πŒΏ -π…πŒ° -π…πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ -𐍅𐍉𐍃
f. wō-stem -π…πŒ°πŒΏ -π…πŒ°Μ„πŒΉ -π…πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ -𐍅𐍉𐍃
nt. i-stem -𐌰𐌿 -𐌰 -𐌹𐌽𐌰 -𐌿𐌾𐌰 -𐌹
m. i-stem -𐌰𐌿 -𐌰𐌹 -𐌰 -πŒΏΜ„πƒ -πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ
f. i-stem -𐌰𐌿 -𐌰𐌹 -πŒΏΜ„πƒ -πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ
nt. ji-stem -𐌾𐌰𐌿 -𐌾𐌰 -𐌾𐌹𐌽𐌰 -𐌾𐌹𐌾𐌰 -𐌴𐌹
nt. u-stem -𐌰𐌿 -πŒΏΜ„ -𐌰𐌾𐌰 -𐌾𐌿
m. u-stem -𐌰𐌿 -πŒΏΜ„ -πŒ°Μ„πƒ -πŒΎπŒΏπƒ
f. u-stem -𐌰𐌿 -πŒΏΜ„ -πŒ°Μ„πƒ -πŒΎπŒΏπƒ

Strong nouns always have an "-𐌰𐌿" ending in singulars and mirror the corresponding nominative forms in duals, paucals and plurals

Weak nouns

Singular Dual in. Dual an. Paucal Plural
nt. an-stem -π‰πŒ½πŒ°πŒΏ -𐌹𐌽𐌰 -π‰πŒ½πŒΉ -π‰πŒ½πŒ°
m. an-stem -𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌿 -𐌹𐌽𐌰 -𐌰 -𐌰𐌽𐌹 -πŒ°πŒ½πƒ
f. ōn-stem -π‰πŒ½πŒ°πŒΏ -π‰πŒ½πŒ° -π‰πŒ½πŒΉ -π‰πŒ½πƒ
nt. in-stem -𐌴𐌽𐌰𐌿 -𐌿𐌽𐌰 -𐌴𐌽𐌹 -𐌴𐌽𐌰
m. in-stem -𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌿 -𐌿𐌽𐌰 -𐌰 -𐌹𐌽𐌹 -πŒΉπŒ½πƒ
f. Δ«n-stem -𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌿 -𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 -𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌹 -πŒ΄πŒΉπŒ½πƒ
nt. un-stem -πŒ°Μ„πŒ½πŒ°πŒΏ -𐌰𐌽𐌰 -πŒ°Μ„πŒ½πŒΉ -πŒ°Μ„πŒ½πŒ°
m. un-stem -𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌿 -𐌰𐌽𐌰 -𐌰 -𐌿𐌽𐌹 -πŒΏπŒ½πƒ
f. Ε«n-stem -πŒΏΜ„πŒ½πŒ°πŒΏ -πŒΏΜ„πŒ½πŒ° -πŒΏΜ„πŒ½πŒΉ -πŒΏΜ„πŒ½πƒ

Vocative singular of the weak nouns uses the unablauted vowels + 𐌽 + vocative ending "-𐌰𐌿"

Dual, paucal and plural forms are identical to those of nominative.

Consonant stems

Singular Dual in. Dual an. Paucal Plural
nt. ct-stem -ax𐌰𐌿 -ax𐌹 -by𐌹𐌾𐌰 -cy𐌰
m. ct-stem -ax𐌰𐌿 -axπŒΏΜ„ -ax𐌰 -byπŒ°Μ„πƒ -cyπŒΎπŒΏπƒ
f. ct-stem -ax𐌰𐌿 -axπŒΏΜ„ -byπŒ°Μ„πƒ -cyπŒΎπŒΏπƒ
nt. d-ct-stem -ax𐌰𐌿 -ax𐌰 -axπŒΏΜ„ -byπŒΏΜ„πƒ -cy𐌹

This table uses the generalized consonant stem notation.

Singulars use a short unablauted vowel + respective consonant + vocative "-𐌰𐌿".

Duals, paucals and plurals are as always identical to nominative.

Static consonant stems

Singular Dual in. Dual an. Paucal Plural
nt. sc-stem -𐌿𐌸𐌰𐌿 -𐌿𐌸𐌹 -𐌿𐌸𐌹𐌾𐌰 -𐌿𐌸
m. sc-stem -𐌰𐌿 -𐍃 -𐌰 -𐍃
f. sc-stem -𐌰𐌿 -𐍃
m. nd-stem -𐌰𐌿 -𐍃 -𐌰 -𐍃

All static consonant stems (including the neuter consonant stem) use the bare vocative ending "-𐌰𐌿".

You can probably already guess what the dual, paucals and plural forms are identical to.