Imperative mood

imp.

Realis-irrealis

Objective marker: -饜尠饜尶饜崅饜尮

艒-grade: -饜尮饜崏-

膿-grade: -饜尮饜尨-


Imperative mood is used to make orders and requests as well as to express their existence. Unlike in most languages, Wistrish imperative has any possible number-person combination and is often used outside of issuing requests and commands.

For the Gothic speakers: Wistrish imperative is used much more widely than the Gothic one. Negative commands in Wistrish too, unlike Gothic, use the imperative forms instead of the optative ones.

As an irrealis mood, imperative is grammatically tenseless, while morphological present (I) and past (II) tenses express different submoods:

Imperative I (present imperative) is used to express forceful requests, having a meaning very similar to English imperative.

饜尣饜尠饜崅饜尦饜尮饜尭
"into home"
饜尣饜尠饜崅饜尦饜崈 - home
m. i-stem inan.
all. sg.
饜尣饜尠饜尣饜尣饜尠饜崊饜尠饜尶
"we two shall go"
饜尣饜尠饜尣饜尣饜尠饜尳 - to go
S-VIIc1-饜尣饜尠 suppl.
Imp BASE
I ag. imp. 1pDU
路
Let's go home.
Forceful command: can't be directly translated.
饜崊饜尠饜尮饜崅饜尯饜尠
"work"
饜崊饜尠饜尮饜崅饜尯 - work
nt. a-stem inan.
acc. pl.
饜崈饜尨饜尮饜尳饜尠
"of oneself"
饜崈饜尨饜尮饜尳饜崈 - of oneself
a-stem, no weak
nt. acc. pl.
饜尭饜尶饜尳饜崅饜尮饜崈饜尦饜尠饜尣饜尠饜尭
"into Thursday"
饜尭饜尮饜尶饜尳饜崅饜尮饜崈饜尦饜尠饜尣饜崈 - thursday
m. a-stem inan.
all. sg.
饜尣饜尠饜尡饜崅饜尮饜尣饜尣饜尠饜尦饜尠饜尶
"you all shall bring"
饜尡饜崅饜尮饜尣饜尣饜尠饜尳 - bring
H-I
Imp BASE
I ag. imp. 1pPL
路
Bring your works by Thursday.
饜崋饜尠饜尮饜崅饜崅饜尠饜崈饜尮饜尶饜尳
"television"
饜崋饜尠饜尮饜崅饜崅饜尠饜崈饜尮饜尶饜尳饜崈 - television
f. i-stem
acc. sg.
饜尠饜崋饜尣饜尠饜崌饜崅饜尮饜尳饜尦
"you one shall turn off"
饜尠饜崋饜崌饜崅饜尮饜尳饜尦饜尠饜尳 - to turn off
S-III-饜尣饜尠
GenP BASE
I ag. imp. 2pSG
-
饜尨
"grr"
饜尨 - annoyance particle
!
Turn off the TV!

Imperative II (past imperative) is used to express non-forceful requests, roughly similar to English "let's X" or "please, X".

饜尵饜尠虅饜尮饜尳饜尶
"yon"
饜尵饜尠虅饜尮饜尳饜崈 - yon
a-stem, no weak
f. acc. sg.
饜尯饜崅饜尶虅饜崈饜崏饜尳
"glass"
饜尯饜崅饜尶虅饜崈饜崏 - glass
f. 艒n-stem
acc. sg.
饜尲饜尮饜崈
"to me"
饜尮饜尯 - I
dat.
饜尣饜尠饜尣饜尨饜尡饜崈
"please give"
饜尣饜尮饜尡饜尠饜尳 - to give
S-V-饜尣饜尠
GenP BASE
II ag. imp. 2pSG
路
Give me that cup (please).
饜尡饜崏饜尭饜尠饜尭
"into shop"
饜尡饜崏饜尭饜尠 - shop
f. 艒-stem
all. sg.
饜尣饜尠饜尮虉饜尦饜尦饜尵饜尨饜尦饜尶饜崊饜尠饜尶
"let us two go"
饜尣饜尠饜尣饜尣饜尠饜尳 - to go
S-VIIc1-饜尣饜尠 suppl.
GenP BASE
II ag. imp. 1pDU
路
Let's go to the shop.
饜尵饜尠饜尡饜尠虅饜尮
"if"
饜尵饜尠饜尡饜尠虅饜尮 - if
饜尣饜尠饜崅饜崊饜尠
"busy"
饜尣饜尠饜崅饜尶饜崈 - busy
wa-stem
str. f. nom. sg.
饜尳饜尮
"not"
饜尳饜尮 - not
饜崊饜尠饜尮饜崅饜尭饜尠饜尡饜尮饜尪饜尠饜尶
"what if become for a while you one"
饜崊饜尠饜尮饜崅饜尭饜尠饜尳 - to become; will
S-III-饜尣饜尠
Imp DUTE
I obj. hyp. 2pSG
,
饜尶饜尪饜尮饜崈
"to us few"
饜崊饜尮饜尭 - we few
dat.
饜尦饜尶
"to"
饜尦饜尶 - to
饜尣饜尠饜尩饜尨饜尲饜崈
"please you one come"
饜尩饜尮饜尲饜尠饜尳 - to come
S-IV-饜尣饜尠
GenP BASE
II ag. cond. 1pSG
-
饜尲饜尮
"how about that?"
饜尲饜尮 - offering particle
路
If you are not busy tomorrow, why not come to us?

Imperative II should not be conflated in usage with optative: imperative II is used for requests and offers, while optatives are used when the volition of the speaker and the listener is not expected to affect the action.

饜尫饜尨
"with this"
饜尫饜尮饜崈 - this
irreg.
m. instr. sg. (inan.)
饜尦饜尠饜尣饜尠
"with day"
饜尦饜尠饜尣饜崈 - day
m. a-stem inan.
instr. sg.
饜尣饜尠饜尩饜尮饜尲饜尠饜尭饜尠饜尶
"please she come"
饜尩饜尮饜尲饜尠饜尳 - to come
S-IV-饜尣饜尠
GenP BASE
II ag. imp. 3pSG
路
I'd like for her to come today.
The speaker makes a request for her to come, which most likely be told her indirectly.
饜尫饜尠虅饜尮饜尰饜尠
"healthy"
饜尫饜尠虅饜尮饜尰饜崈 - heathy
a-stem
str. m. nom. du.
饜崊饜尮饜崈饜尠虅饜尦饜尪饜尠饜尶
"please you two generally be"
饜崊饜尮饜崈饜尠饜尳 - to be
S-V suppl.
Imp DUST
II ag. imp. 2pDU
!
Stay in good health!
A request to preserve one's health, a wish of good health would be expressed through optative.

As a realis-irrealis mood, when used in protases of conditional sentences (as well as in questions, some types of complex sentences, etc) imperative's realis component is being referenced, which is the fact of existence of an order or a request.

饜尣饜尮饜崈饜崉饜崅饜尠饜尦饜尠饜尣饜尮饜崈
"tomorrow"
饜尣饜尮饜崈饜崉饜崅饜尠饜尦饜尠饜尣饜尮饜崈 - tomorrow
饜尠饜尰饜尠饜尰饜尠虅饜尮饜崈饜尮饜尳饜尮饜尡饜尠饜崅饜尶饜尭
"into university"
饜尠饜尰饜尠饜尰饜尠虅饜尮饜崈饜尮饜尳饜尮饜尡饜尠饜崅 - university
m. r-stem inan.
all. sg.
饜尣饜尠饜尩饜尮饜尲
"you shall come"
饜尩饜尮饜尲饜尠饜尳 - to come
S-IV-饜尣饜尠
Imp BASE
I ag. imp. 2pSG
,
饜尠虅饜尮饜尭饜尭饜尠虅饜尶
"or"
饜尠虅饜尮饜尭饜尭饜尠虅饜尶 - or
饜尭饜尶
"thou"
饜尭饜尶 - thou
nom.
饜崈饜崏饜尯饜尳饜尮饜尳饜崈
"problems"
饜崈饜崏饜尯饜尳饜崈 - problem
f. i-stem
acc. pl.
饜尫饜尠饜尡饜尶虅饜尳饜尠饜尶
"would have them"
饜尫饜尠饜尡饜尠饜尳 - have
S-VI-饜尣饜尠
Imp DUST
I obj. cond. 3pPL
路
Come to the university tomorrow or you will have problems.
饜尫饜尮饜尵饜尶
"this"
饜尫饜尮饜崈 - this
irreg.
f. acc. sg.
饜尡饜崏饜尯
"book"
饜尡饜崏饜尯饜崈 - book
f. sc-stem
acc. sg.
饜尠饜尳饜尠饜尣饜尠饜尯饜尶饜尳饜尵饜尠饜尲饜尠饜尶
"we shall read"
饜尠饜尳饜尠饜尯饜尶饜尳饜尵饜尠饜尳 - to read
H-II-饜尣饜尠
GenP BASE
I ag. imp. 1pPL
-
饜尶
"are we?"
饜尶 - interrogative particle
;
We must read this book?

Despite being translated into English as "must" in these two cases, imperative strictly means that the obligation is coming from some sort of a received command (I) or request (II).

Formation

Ag. I Ag. II Obj. I Obj. II
1pSG P-饜尠饜尫饜尠饜尶 PJ-饜尶饜尫饜尠饜尶 P-饜尠饜尫饜尠饜尶饜崅饜尮 PJ-饜尶饜尫饜尠饜尶饜崅饜尮
2pSG P- PJ-饜崈 P-饜尠饜崅饜尮 PJ-饜尪饜尠饜崅饜尮
3pSG P-饜尠饜尭饜尠饜尶 PJ-饜尶饜尭饜尠饜尶 P-饜尠饜尭饜尠饜尶饜崅饜尮 PJ-饜尶饜尭饜尠饜尶饜崅饜尮
1pDU P-饜尠饜崊饜尠饜尶 PJ-饜尶饜崊饜尠饜尶 P-饜尠饜崊饜尠饜尶饜崅饜尮 PJ-饜尶饜崊饜尠饜尶饜崅饜尮
2pDU P-饜尠饜尦饜尪饜尠饜尶 PJ-饜尶饜尦饜尪饜尠饜尶 P-饜尠饜尦饜尪饜尠饜尶饜崅饜尮 PJ-饜尶饜尦饜尪饜尠饜尶饜崅饜尮
3pDU P-饜尠饜崉饜崈饜尠饜尶 PJ-饜尶饜崉饜崈饜尠饜尶 P-饜尠饜崉饜崈饜尠饜尶饜崅饜尮 PJ-饜尶饜崉饜崈饜尠饜尶饜崅饜尮
1pPA P-饜尠饜尣饜尯饜尠饜尶 PJ-饜尶饜尣饜尯饜尠饜尶 P-饜尠饜尣饜尯饜尠饜尶饜崅饜尮 PJ-饜尶饜尣饜尯饜尠饜尶饜崅饜尮
2pPA P-饜尠饜尯饜尠饜尶 PJ-饜尶饜尯饜尠饜尶 P-饜尠饜尯饜尠饜尶饜崅饜尮 PJ-饜尶饜尯饜尠饜尶饜崅饜尮
3pPA P-饜尠饜崌饜尠饜尶 PJ-饜尶饜崌饜尠饜尶 P-饜尠饜崌饜尠饜尶饜崅饜尮 PJ-饜尶饜崌饜尠饜尶饜崅饜尮
1pPL P-饜尠饜尲饜尠饜尶 PJ-饜尶饜尲饜尠饜尶 P-饜尠饜尲饜尠饜尶饜崅饜尮 PJ-饜尶饜尲饜尠饜尶饜崅饜尮
2pPL P-饜尠饜尦饜尠饜尶 PJ-饜尶饜尦饜尠饜尶 P-饜尠饜尦饜尠饜尶饜崅饜尮 PJ-饜尶饜尦饜尠饜尶饜崅饜尮
3pPL P-饜尠饜尳饜尠饜尶 PJ-饜尶饜尳饜尠饜尶 P-饜尠饜尳饜尠饜尶饜崅饜尮 PJ-饜尶饜尳饜尠饜尶饜崅饜尮

Strong-like imperatives and durative-static use non-degraded even vowels in agentive mode with a subjunctive marker -饜尠饜尶.

As an irrealis mood, imperatives only uses the major past vowel in root-dynamic aspects.