Causative-inceptive aspect -πΎπ°π½
CAIN
Side custom root-static 2
Causative-inceptive aspect adds causality to a verb. It is the main way of producing transitive verbs from intransitive ones in Wistrish.
In purely causative contexts, causative-inceptive generally has a non-prolonged (initializing) meaning, for accompanying / supporting actions causative-durative aspect is often used.
If the base verb of causative-inceptive had a direct object, it becomes a superobject, taking accusative + π³πΏ.
Wistrish durative-static corresponds to Gothic weak 1 verb class.
Examples
Formation
Causative-inceptive declines identically to the strong base aspect in present and has a standard weak conjugation with an -πΉ- infix in the past.
Causative-inceptive has an aspectual linker -π°-.
Causative-inceptive generally do not requires aspectual linker, though if preceded by passive or gnomic-iterational, it requires their hidden consonant to emerge.
| Pres. part. | Past part. | Gerund | Ag. inf. | Obj. inf. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (PN)-πΎπ°π½π³π | (PN)-πΉπ³π | (PN)-π΄πΉπ½π | (PN)-πΎπ°π½ | (PN)-πΎπ°π |
- Present participle has a-Δ«n-stem declension.
- Past participle has a-stem declension.
- Gerund has a mixed feminine i/Ε-stem declension.
Realis
Indicative
| Ag. pres. | Ag. past | Obj. pres. | Obj. past | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1pSG | (PN)-πΎπ° | (PN)-πΉπ³π° | (PN)-πΎπ°π·π°πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π°πΉ |
| 2pSG | (PN)-πΎπΉπ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π | (PN)-πΎπ°πΆπ°πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄πΆπ°πΉ |
| 3pSG | (PN)-πΎπΉπΈ | (PN)-πΉπ³π° | (PN)-πΎπ°πΈπ°πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π°πΉ |
| 1pDU | (PN)-πΎπ°π | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπ | (PN)-πΎπ°π π°πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπ π°πΉ |
| 2pDU | (PN)-πΎπ°ππ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏππ | (PN)-πΎπ°π³πΆπ°πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπ³πΆπ°πΉ |
| 3pDU | (PN)-πΎπ°ππ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏππ | (PN)-πΎπ°πππ°πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπππ°πΉ |
| 1pPA | (PN)-πΎπ°π²πΊ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπ²πΊ | (PN)-πΎπ°π²πΊπ°πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπ²πΊπ°πΉ |
| 2pPA | (PN)-πΎπ°πΊ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπΊ | (PN)-πΎπ°πΊπ°πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπΊπ°πΉ |
| 3pPA | (PN)-πΎπΉπ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπ | (PN)-πΎπ°ππ°πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏππ°πΉ |
| 1pPL | (PN)-πΎπ°πΌ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπΌ | (PN)-πΎπ°πΌπ°πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπΌπ°πΉ |
| 2pPL | (PN)-πΎπΉπΈ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπΈ | (PN)-πΎπ°π³π°πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπ³π°πΉ |
| 3pPL | (PN)-πΎπ°π½π³ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπ½ | (PN)-πΎπ°π½π³π°πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπ½π°πΉ |
Dubitative
| Ag. pres. | Ag. past | Obj. pres. | Obj. past | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1pSG | (PN)-πΎπΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏ | (PN)-πΎπΏπ·π°πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπ·π°πΉ |
| 2pSG | (PN)-πΎπ°π | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπ | (PN)-πΎπΏπΆπ°πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπΆπ°πΉ |
| 3pSG | (PN)-πΎπ°πΈ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏ | (PN)-πΎπΏπΈπ°πΉ | (PN)-ππ³π΄π³π πΏπ·π°πΉ |
| 1pDU | (PN)-πΎπΏπ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπ | (PN)-πΎπΏπ π°πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπ π°πΉ |
| 2pDU | (PN)-πΎπΏππ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏππ | (PN)-πΎπΏπ³πΆπ°πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπ³πΆπ°πΉ |
| 3pDU | (PN)-πΎπΏππ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏππ | (PN)-πΎπΏπππ°πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπππ°πΉ |
| 1pPA | (PN)-πΎπΏπ²πΊ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπ²πΊ | (PN)-πΎπΏπ²πΊπ°πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπ²πΊπ°πΉ |
| 2pPA | (PN)-πΎπΏπΊ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπΊ | (PN)-πΎπΏπΊπ°πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπΊπ°πΉ |
| 3pPA | (PN)-πΎπ°π | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπ | (PN)-πΎπΏππ°πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏππ°πΉ |
| 1pPL | (PN)-πΎπΏπΌ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπΌ | (PN)-πΎπΏπΌπ°πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπΌπ°πΉ |
| 2pPL | (PN)-πΎπ°πΈ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπΈ | (PN)-πΎπΏπ³π°πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπ³π°πΉ |
| 3pPL | (PN)-πΎπΏπ½π³ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπ½ | (PN)-πΎπΏπ½π³π°πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπ½π°πΉ |
Irrealis (subjunctive)
Optative
| Ag. pres. (I) | Ag. past (II) | Obj. pres. (I) | Obj. past (II) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1pSG | (PN)-πΎπ°π π° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΎπ°π π° | (PN)-πΎπ°π π°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΎπ°π π°πΏ |
| 2pSG | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπΆπ° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπΆπ° | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπΆπ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπΆπ°πΏ |
| 3pSG | (PN)-πΎπ°πΎπ° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΎπ°πΎπ° | (PN)-πΎπ°πΎπ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΎπ°πΎπ°πΏ |
| 1pDU | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπ π° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπ π° | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπ π°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπ π°πΏ |
| 2pDU | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπ³πΆπ° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπ³πΆπ° | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπ³πΆπ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπ³πΆπ°πΏ |
| 3pDU | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπππ° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπππ° | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπππ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπππ°πΏ |
| 1pPA | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπ²πΊπ° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπ²πΊπ° | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπ²πΊπ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπ²πΊπ°πΏ |
| 2pPA | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπΊπ° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπΊπ° | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπΊπ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπΊπ°πΏ |
| 3pPA | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉππ° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉππ° | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉππ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉππ°πΏ |
| 1pPL | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπΌπ° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπΌπ° | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπΌπ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπΌπ°πΏ |
| 2pPL | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπ³π° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπ³π° | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπ³π°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπ³π°πΏ |
| 3pPL | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπ½π° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπ½π° | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπ½π°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπ½π°πΏ |
Hypothetical
| Ag. pres. (I) | Ag. past (II) | Obj. pres. (I) | Obj. past (II) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1pSG | (PN)-πΎπΉπ·π° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΉπ·π° | (PN)-πΎπΉπ·π°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΉπ·π°πΏ |
| 2pSG | (PN)-πΎπΉπΆπ° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΉπΆπ° | (PN)-πΎπΉπΆπ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΉπΆπ°πΏ |
| 3pSG | (PN)-πΎπΉπΈπ° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΉπΈπ° | (PN)-πΎπΉπΈπ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΉπΈπ°πΏ |
| 1pDU | (PN)-πΎπΉπ π° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΉπ π° | (PN)-πΎπΉπ π°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΉπ π°πΏ |
| 2pDU | (PN)-πΎπΉπ³πΆπ° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΉπ³πΆπ° | (PN)-πΎπΉπ³πΆπ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΉπ³πΆπ°πΏ |
| 3pDU | (PN)-πΎπΉπππ° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΉπππ° | (PN)-πΎπΉπππ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΉπππ°πΏ |
| 1pPA | (PN)-πΎπΉπ²πΊπ° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΉπ²πΊπ° | (PN)-πΎπΉπ²πΊπ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΉπ²πΊπ°πΏ |
| 2pPA | (PN)-πΎπΉπΊπ° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΉπΊπ° | (PN)-πΎπΉπΊπ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΉπΊπ°πΏ |
| 3pPA | (PN)-πΎπΉππ° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΉππ° | (PN)-πΎπΉππ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΉππ°πΏ |
| 1pPL | (PN)-πΎπΉπΌπ° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΉπΌπ° | (PN)-πΎπΉπΌπ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΉπΌπ°πΏ |
| 2pPL | (PN)-πΎπΉπ³π° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΉπ³π° | (PN)-πΎπΉπ³π°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΉπ³π°πΏ |
| 3pPL | (PN)-πΎπΉπ½π° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΉπ½π° | (PN)-πΎπΉπ½π°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΉπ½π°πΏ |
Conditional
| Ag. pres. (I) | Ag. past (II) | Obj. pres. (I) | Obj. past (II) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1pSG | (PN)-πΎπΏπ·π° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπ·π° | (PN)-πΎπΏπ·π°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπ·π°πΏ |
| 2pSG | (PN)-πΎπΏπΆπ° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπΆπ° | (PN)-πΎπΏπΆπ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπΆπ°πΏ |
| 3pSG | (PN)-πΎπΏπΈπ° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπΈπ° | (PN)-πΎπΏπΈπ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπΈπ°πΏ |
| 1pDU | (PN)-πΎπΏπ π° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπ π° | (PN)-πΎπΏπ π°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπ π°πΏ |
| 2pDU | (PN)-πΎπΏπ³πΆπ° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπ³πΆπ° | (PN)-πΎπΏπ³πΆπ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπ³πΆπ°πΏ |
| 3pDU | (PN)-πΎπΏπππ° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπππ° | (PN)-πΎπΏπππ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπππ°πΏ |
| 1pPA | (PN)-πΎπΏπ²πΊπ° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπ²πΊπ° | (PN)-πΎπΏπ²πΊπ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπ²πΊπ°πΏ |
| 2pPA | (PN)-πΎπΏπΊπ° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπΊπ° | (PN)-πΎπΏπΊπ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπΊπ°πΏ |
| 3pPA | (PN)-πΎπΏππ° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏππ° | (PN)-πΎπΏππ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏππ°πΏ |
| 1pPL | (PN)-πΎπΏπΌπ° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπΌπ° | (PN)-πΎπΏπΌπ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπΌπ°πΏ |
| 2pPL | (PN)-πΎπΏπ³π° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπ³π° | (PN)-πΎπΏπ³π°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπ³π°πΏ |
| 3pPL | (PN)-πΎπΏπ½π° | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπ½π° | (PN)-πΎπΏπ½π°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π πΏπ½π°πΏ |
Realis-irrealis
Imperative
| Ag. pres. (I) | Ag. past (II) | Obj. pres. (I) | Obj. past (II) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1pSG | (PN)-πΎπ°π·π°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π°πΏ | (PN)-πΎπ°π·π°πΏππΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π°πΏππΉ |
| 2pSG | (PN)-π΄πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π | (PN)-πΎπ°ππΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΆπ°ππΉ |
| 3pSG | (PN)-πΎπ°πΈπ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π°πΏ | (PN)-πΎπ°πΈπ°πΏππΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π°πΏππΉ |
| 1pDU | (PN)-πΎπ°π π°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπ π°πΏ | (PN)-πΎπ°π π°πΏππΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπ π°πΏππΉ |
| 2pDU | (PN)-πΎπ°π³πΆπ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπ³πΆπ°πΏ | (PN)-πΎπ°π³πΆπ°πΏππΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπ³πΆπ°πΏππΉ |
| 3pDU | (PN)-πΎπ°πππ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπππ°πΏ | (PN)-πΎπ°πππ°πΏππΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπππ°πΏππΉ |
| 1pPA | (PN)-πΎπ°π²πΊπ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπ²πΊπ°πΏ | (PN)-πΎπ°π²πΊπ°πΏππΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπ²πΊπ°πΏππΉ |
| 2pPA | (PN)-πΎπ°πΊπ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπΊπ°πΏ | (PN)-πΎπ°πΊπ°πΏππΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπΊπ°πΏππΉ |
| 3pPA | (PN)-πΎπ°ππ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏππ°πΏ | (PN)-πΎπ°ππ°πΏππΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏππ°πΏππΉ |
| 1pPL | (PN)-πΎπ°πΌπ°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπΌπ°πΏ | (PN)-πΎπ°πΌπ°πΏππΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπΌπ°πΏππΉ |
| 2pPL | (PN)-πΎπ°π³π°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπ³π°πΏ | (PN)-πΎπ°π³π°πΏππΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπ³π°πΏππΉ |
| 3pPL | (PN)-πΎπ°π½π°πΏ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπ½π°πΏ | (PN)-πΎπ°π½π°πΏππΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΏπ½π°πΏππΉ |
Volitive
| Ag. pres. (I) | Ag. past (II) | Obj. pres. (I) | Obj. past (II) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1pSG | (PN)-πΎπ°π π°π πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΎπ°π π°π πΉ | (PN)-πΎπ°π π°πΏπ πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΎπ°π π°πΏπ πΉ |
| 2pSG | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπΆπ°π πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπΆπ°π πΉ | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπΆπ°πΏπ πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπΆπ°πΏπ πΉ |
| 3pSG | (PN)-πΎπ°πΎπ°π πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΎπ°πΎπ°π πΉ | (PN)-πΎπ°πΎπ°πΏπ πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³πΎπ°πΎπ°πΏπ πΉ |
| 1pDU | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπ π°π πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπ π°π πΉ | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπ π°πΏπ πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπ π°πΏπ πΉ |
| 2pDU | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπ³πΆπ°π πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπ³πΆπ°π πΉ | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπ³πΆπ°πΏπ πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπ³πΆπ°πΏπ πΉ |
| 3pDU | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπππ°π πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπππ°π πΉ | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπππ°πΏπ πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπππ°πΏπ πΉ |
| 1pPA | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπ²πΊπ°π πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπ²πΊπ°π πΉ | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπ²πΊπ°πΏπ πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπ²πΊπ°πΏπ πΉ |
| 2pPA | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπΊπ°π πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπΊπ°π πΉ | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπΊπ°πΏπ πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπΊπ°πΏπ πΉ |
| 3pPA | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉππ°π πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉππ°π πΉ | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉππ°πΏπ πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉππ°πΏπ πΉ |
| 1pPL | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπΌπ°π πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπΌπ°π πΉ | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπΌπ°πΏπ πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπΌπ°πΏπ πΉ |
| 2pPL | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπ³π°π πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπ³π°π πΉ | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπ³π°πΏπ πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπ³π°πΏπ πΉ |
| 3pPL | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπ½π°π πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπ½π°π πΉ | (PN)-πΎπ°πΉπ½π°πΏπ πΉ | (PN)-πΉπ³π΄π³π΄πΉπ½π°πΏπ πΉ |