Ablative case

Ablative case is generally used to mark direction out of. Together with locative and allative, ablative forms the so called "triad" cases, frequently encountered with postpositions of location.

Like other locative cases, ablative case has suffixed subcases:

Suffixed subcases are placed right after the case consonant / cluster, but before the dual / paucal marker and the indefinitives.

Ablative case is a regular new oblique and has a non-singular cluster "πƒπŒ½πŒ°". In bare ablative, the vowel -𐌰- persists in both duals and plurals, but gets replaced by the paucal -𐌹- in its respective number. Final -𐌰 also gets assimilated by the suffixes -πŒ°π„ and -𐌹𐌽

Usages

1. Ablative of source

Describes a general direction from (from who? from what?).

It is only used to describe direction from inside. For direct adjacency caus. + π†π‚πŒ°πŒΌ is used. It is also not used to describe indirect subjects.

Examples

π‡πŒ°π‚π„πŒΉπŒ·πŒ΄πŒΈπŒΎπ‰πŒ½πŒ°πŒ½πŒ°
"from office"
π‡πŒ°π‚π„πŒΉπŒ·πŒ΄πŒΈπŒΎπ‰ - office
f. ōn-stem
abl. sg.
𐍈𐌰𐌽
"when"
𐍈𐌰𐌽 - when
𐌲𐌰𐌡𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌸
"he will come"
𐌡𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 - come
S-IV-𐌲𐌰
GenP BASE
pasr ag. ind. 3pPL
;
When will he come from the office?
π€πŒ°π„πŒΉπŒ½πŒ°
"plate"
π€πŒ°π„πŒΉπŒ½πŒ° - plate
f. ō-stem
nom. sg.
πŒΌπŒ΄πƒπŒ°πŒ½πŒ°π„
"from on table"
πŒΌπŒ΄πƒ - table
nt. a-stem inan.
abl. (ill.) sg.
πŒ²πŒ°πŒ³π‚πŒ°ΜƒπŒΏπƒ
"it fell"
πŒ³π‚πŒΉπŒΏπƒπŒ°πŒ½ - to fall
S-IIa-𐌲𐌰
GenP BASE
past ag. ind. 1pSG
Β·
The plate fell from the table.
𐌿𐌼𐌽𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌽𐌰
"from bus"
πŒΏπŒΌπŒ½πŒΉπŒ±πŒΏπƒ - bus
m. u-stem
all. sg.
πƒπŒ²πŒ°πƒπ€π‚πŒ°πŒ²πŒ²
"he suddenly jumped"
πƒπ€π‚πŒΉπŒ²πŒ²πŒ°πŒ½ - to jump
S-III-𐌲𐌰
GenP BASE
past ag. ind. 3pSG
+ sudden marker
Β·
He suddenly jumped out of the bus.

2. Exessive ablative

The opposite of the traslative usage of allative. Marks change away from a state.

Examples

πŒΊπŒΉπ„πŒ°π€πŒ°π‚πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ°
"from journalist"
πŒΊπŒΉπ„πŒ°π€πŒ°π‚πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ - journalist
GP-JAS: m. ja-stem.
abl. sg.
π€πŒΏπŒ»πŒΉπ„πŒΉπŒΊπŒ°π‚πŒΎπŒ°πŒΈ
"into politician"
π€πŒΏπŒ»πŒΉπ„πŒΉπŒΊπŒ°π‚πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ - politician
GP-JAS: m. ja-stem
all. sg.
πŒ²πŒ°π…πŒ°π‚πŒΈ
"he became"
π…πŒ°πŒΉπ‚πŒΈπŒ°πŒ½ - to become
S-III-𐌲𐌰
GenP BASE
past ag. imp. 3pSG
Β·
From a journalist, he became a politician.
πƒπŒΊπ‚πŒΉπŒΌπƒ
"screen"
πƒπŒΊπ‚πŒΉπŒΌπƒ - screen
m. i-stem inan.
nom. sg.
𐌲𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌰
"from yellow"
πŒ²πŒΏπŒ»πƒ - yellow
a-stem
str. m. abl. sg.
π‚πŒ°Μ„πŒΏπŒ³πŒ°πŒΈ
"into red"
π‚πŒ°Μ„πŒΏπŒ³πƒ - red
a-stem
str. m. all. sg.
πŒ²πŒ°π…πŒ°πŒ½πŒ³
"it changed"
π…πŒΉπŒ½πŒ³πŒ°πŒ½ - to change (intr.)
S-III-𐌲𐌰
GenP BASE
past ag. ind. 3pSG
Β·
The screen changed from yellow to red.

Formation

Strong nouns

Singular Dual in. Dual an. Paucal Plural
nt. a-stem -𐌰𐌽𐌰 -πŒ°πƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒ°πƒπŒ½πŒΉ -πŒ°πƒπŒ½πŒ°
m. a-stem -𐌰𐌽𐌰 -πŒ°πƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒ°πƒπŒ½πŒΉ -πŒ°πƒπŒ½πŒ°
f. ō-stem -𐌰𐌽𐌰 -π‰πƒπŒ½πŒ° -π‰πƒπŒ½πŒΉ -π‰πƒπŒ½πŒ°
nt. ja-stem -𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌰 -πŒΎπŒ°πƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒΎπŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒΎπŒ°πƒπŒ½πŒΉ -πŒΎπŒ°πƒπŒ½πŒ°
m. ja-stem -𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌰 -πŒΎπŒ°πƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒΎπŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒΎπŒ°πƒπŒ½πŒΉ -πŒΎπŒ°πƒπŒ½πŒ°
f. jō-stem -𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌰 -πŒΎπ‰πƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒΎπ‰πƒπŒ½πŒΉ -πŒΎπ‰πƒπŒ½πŒ°
nt. wa-stem -π…πŒ°πŒ½πŒ° -π…πŒ°πƒπŒ½πŒ° -π…πŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒ° -π…πŒ°πƒπŒ½πŒΉ -π…πŒ°πƒπŒ½πŒ°
m. wa-stem -π…πŒ°πŒ½πŒ° -π…πŒ°πƒπŒ½πŒ° -π…πŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒ° -π…πŒ°πƒπŒ½πŒΉ -π…πŒ°πƒπŒ½πŒ°
f. wō-stem -π…πŒ°πŒ½πŒ° -π…π‰πƒπŒ½πŒ° -π…π‰πƒπŒ½πŒΉ -π…π‰πƒπŒ½πŒ°
nt. i-stem -𐌹𐌽𐌰 -πŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒΉ -πŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒ°
m. i-stem -𐌹𐌽𐌰 -πŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒΉ -πŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒ°
f. i-stem -𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 -πŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒΉ -πŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒ°
nt. ji-stem -𐌾𐌹𐌽𐌰 -πŒΎπŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒΎπŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒΉ -πŒΎπŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒ°
nt. u-stem -𐌿𐌽𐌰 -πŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒΉ -πŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒ°
m. u-stem -𐌿𐌽𐌰 -πŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒΉ -πŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒ°
f. u-stem -𐌿𐌽𐌰 -πŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒΉ -πŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒ°

Strong nouns mainly use their thematic vowel followed by a suffix -𐌽𐌰 in singulars (notable exceptions are feminine i-stem which uses -𐌰𐌹- instead of a thematic vowel and feminine ō-stem which uses -𐌰-).

Weak nouns

Singular Dual in. Dual an. Paucal Plural
nt. an-stem -𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰 -πŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒ°πƒπŒ½πŒΉ -πŒ°πƒπŒ½πŒ°
m. an-stem -𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰 -πŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒ°πƒπŒ½πŒΉ -πŒ°πƒπŒ½πŒ°
f. ōn-stem -π‰πŒ½πŒ°πŒ½πŒ° -π‰πƒπŒ½πŒ° -π‰πƒπŒ½πŒΉ -π‰πƒπŒ½πŒ°
nt. in-stem -𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰 -πŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒΉ -πŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒ°
m. in-stem -𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰 -πŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒΉ -πŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒ°
f. Δ«n-stem -𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰 -πŒ΄πŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒ΄πŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒΉ -πŒ΄πŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒ°
nt. un-stem -𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰 -πŒ°πƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒΉ -πŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒ°
m. un-stem -𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰 -πŒ°πƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒΉ -πŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒ°
f. Ε«n-stem -πŒΏΜ„πŒ½πŒ°πŒ½πŒ° -πŒΏΜ„πƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒΏΜ„πƒπŒ½πŒΉ -πŒΏΜ„πƒπŒ½πŒ°

Weak singulars are ablauted and have a suffix -𐌰𐌽𐌰 after the -𐌽-.

Consonant stems

Singular Dual in. Dual an. Paucal Plural
nt. ct-stem -ax𐌿𐌽𐌰 -axπŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒ° -byπŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒΉ -cyπŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒ°
m. ct-stem -ax𐌿𐌽𐌰 -axπŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒ° -axπŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒ° -byπŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒΉ -cyπŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒ°
f. ct-stem -ax𐌿𐌽𐌰 -axπŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒ° -byπŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒΉ -cyπŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒ°
nt. d-ct-stem -ax𐌹𐌽𐌰 -axπŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒ° -axπŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒ° -byπŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒΉ -cyπŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒ°

This table uses the generalized consonant stem notation.

Allative is not a core oblique, therefore it uses a short unablauted vowel in singular consonant stems. The singular ending is -𐌽𐌰 after the consonant.

Static consonant stems

Singular Dual in. Dual an. Paucal Plural
nt. sc-stem -𐌿𐌸𐌿𐌽𐌰 -πŒΏπŒΈπŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒΏπŒΈπŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒΉ -πŒΏπŒΈπŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒ°
m. sc-stem -𐌿𐌽𐌰 -πŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒΉ -πŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒ°
f. sc-stem -𐌿𐌽𐌰 -πŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒΉ -πŒΏπƒπŒ½πŒ°
m. nd-stem -𐌰𐌽𐌰 -πŒ°πƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒΉπƒπŒ½πŒ° -πŒ°πƒπŒ½πŒΉ -πŒ°πƒπŒ½πŒ°

All static consonant stems proper end in -𐌿𐌽𐌰 in singular. Meanwhile, nd-stems end in -𐌰𐌽𐌰.

Neuter consonant stems have an -𐌿𐌸- infix in all forms.